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到底是哪儿不对劲?--对交通安全法76条的法律经济学分析


法律的一个重要功能在于提供预期,从而使得博弈的双方可以达成均衡的行动,所有的规则都必须具备这一作用。这也是近年来国际学术界对社会规范进行重新认识的原因。See Richard A. Posner, Social Norms and the Law: An Economic Approach, American Economic Review, Vol. 87, 1997, No. 2, Pp365—369. See also Robert Ellickson, Order Without Law: How Neighbors Settle Disputes, Harvard University Press; See also Eric A. Posner, Law and Social Norm, Harvard University Press, 2000. 参见 张维迎:《法律与社会规范》,载 吴敬琏 主编:《比较》,第11辑,中信出版社2004年版,第158—194页。在该文中,分析了交通博弈的情况。

See Konrad Zweigert and Hein Kotz, An Introduction to Comparative Law, 3rd edition, 1996, North-Holland Press. 有学者对此也作出了进一步的证明,比如Cooter指出,如果法院能够遵循先例,并且法官可以拥有充分的信息来进行修订规则,在很长的时间内,可以演化出有效率的规则。Robert Cooter and Lewis Kornhauser, Liability Rules, Limited Information, and the Role of Precedent, The Bell Journal of Economics, Vol. 10, Issue1, 1979, Pp366—373;相关的文献还可以参见,G. L. Priest, The Common Law Process and the Selection of Efficient Rules, The Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 6, 1977, Pp65—82; see also P. H. Rubin, Why is the Common Law Efficient? The Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 6, 1977, Pp51—63.

事前不对称一般称之为逆向选择,事后不对称一般称之为道德风险,但事实上各个学者的用法不尽相同,两者并不完全一致。参见 张维迎:《博奕论与信息经济学》,上海三联书店1996年版,第399页。但机会主义从根本上来自于行为的可观测性和可验证性问题,也有不同的解释,比如Casadesus-Masanell和Daniel F. Spulber指出,所谓可观测性,是在委托—代理关系中,委托人可以观察到产出,由于产出提供了代理人努力程度的信息,因此,委托人可以依据代理人的产出来作出支付。而可验证性,则是指委托人可以在法庭上证明某种特定的产出业已得到实现。Ramon Casadesus-Masaneil and Daniel F. Spulber, Trust and Incentives in Agency, Harvard Business School Working Paper, 2002. 同时参见 邓峰:《合同责任的经济结构与社会执行机制》,北京大学光华管理学院博士后出站报告论文,2003。

See Michael Rothchild and Joseph Stiglitz, Equilibrium in Competitive Insurance Markets: An Essay on the Economics of Imperfect Information, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 90, 1976, Pp629—649. See also Eric Rasmusen, Game and Information: An Introduction to Game Theory, Third Edition, Blackwell Publishers Inc., 1989, P222—225.

See Michael J. Trebilcock, The Insurance—Deterrence Dilemma of Modern Tort Law, San Diego Law Review, 1987; See also Michael J. Trebilcock, The Role of Insurance Considerations in the Choice of Efficient Civil Liability Rules, Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Vol. 4, 1988, P243+.

See George L. Priest, The Current Insurance Crisis and Modern Tort Law, Yale Law Journal, Vol. 96, 1987, P1521+.

See Ralph A. Winter, The Liability Insurance Market, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 5, 1991, Pp115—136.

See J. Davids Cummins and Sharon Tennyson, Controlling Automobile Insurance Costs, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1992, Pp95—115. 也有学者指出,这是由于保险公司的原因,在资本市场上难以筹集到资金。See Ralph A. Winter, The Liability Insurance Market, ibid.不过,尽管经济原因的解释不同,但侵权法的影响是均承认的。

这一分类最早由Png进行分析。See I. P. L. Png, Optimal Subsidies and Damages in the Presence of Legal Error, International Review of Law and Economics, Vol. 6, 1986, Pp101—105.

“传统上,惩罚性损害赔偿判决给故意性的错误行为,如侵犯性攻击(offensive battery),殴打或攻击(assault and battery),侵害财产(trespass),恶意扣押(malicious prosecution),非法拘禁(false imprisonment),侵犯隐私(invasion of privacy)以及恶意诽谤(defamation)……然而,今天惩罚性赔偿的诉讼已经侵入了一些神圣的领域,比如陪审团在防撞性(产品责任,译者注),石棉,以及胸部植入等案件中开始摇摇摆摆地作出判决”。See Richard A. Epstein, Torts, ibid, P458.


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