以上所论之刑前犯因史风险评估处遇体系、矫正中风险评估与处遇体系以及处遇响应率体系共同组成了依循“风险/需求响应”模式而紧密结合的风险分类管控矫正体系之基本架构。这个架构尚需具体的制度和法律设计,以形成针对不同犯罪风险层次的动态有效的社区矫正制度设置。我国《刑法修正案(八)》虽然明确规定了对管制、缓刑和假释者的社区矫正制度,但是如何评估犯罪人风险并量定和执行具体的社区矫正措施之规定相对缺失。《社区矫正实施办法》主要规定了社区矫正之机关归属、权限和程序等基础设置,而没有对内部风险之分类管控指标体系进行表述和设计。我国目前多地试行的社区矫正评估办法虽然采取了法定积分制和制度风险指标体系的举措,[30]但尚不完善,且其指标评价亦对风险评估来说有所偏移。如部分地方通过被矫正者之服从态度表现(如是否提交总结等)而非风险程度因子予以评价确定处遇措施,[31]可以说在评价因子择取方面存在着偏差。未来以“风险/需求响应”模式为理论进路设计完整的风险评估与处遇机制,对社区矫正制度和实践的完善非常必要。
特殊预防的理论预设相信,不需要相关刑事规范仅靠执法者个别处遇即可实现社区矫正的目的,而相关西方实践证明这恰是一种理论误解。在风险类型管控进路下设计完善的社区矫正法律体制可避免重蹈西方的理论和实践覆辙,又能兼顾一定的特殊预防目的,为保障社区矫正制度的科学性和公平性提供一种新思路。
【作者简介】
李川,法学博士,东南大学法学院讲师。
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