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从斯密到门格尔再到哈耶克:苏格兰启蒙运动传统的自由主义

  
  [3]参见Vaughn (1994: 26, fn 21)的讨论及其所引述的资料。  
  
  [4]货币交换是语言的扩展的思想, Horwitz (1992)已经做过较为深入的探讨。  
  
  [5]下面的讨论参见Horwitz (1998a).  
  
  [6] 这种借由经验学习(learning-through-experience)过程,体现了这三位思想家所持的宽泛的经验主义观念。这一点在哈耶克 (1952)那儿尤其明显,他指出,我们的智力逻辑是我们与周围的世界互动的产物。哈耶克和斯密的认识论都非常Humean。  
  
  [7]参见Kukathas (1990) ,深入探讨了哈耶克调和休谟和康德的努力。  
  
  [8]哈耶克 (1988: 8)写道:"By ''reason properly used'' I mean reason that recognises its own limitations and, itself taught by reason, faces the implications of the astonishing fact, revealed by economics and biology, that order generated without design can far outstrip plans men consciously contrive."
  
  [9] One might also consult the famous "chess-board" passage in The Theory of Moral Sentiments (斯密 1976 [1759]: 233-4).  
  
  [10]我们再一次看到,交流沟通的重要性及其与理性的关系,正是苏格兰传统的着力点所在。 
  
  [11]For an interpretation of the calculation debate stressing the role of money, see Horwitz (1998b). 
  
  
  参考文献 
  
  哈耶克:1945. "The Use of Knowledge in Society," in 哈耶克 (1948). 
  
  1946. "Individualism: True and False," in 哈耶克 (1948). 
  
  1948. Individualism and Economic Order, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 
  
  1952. The Sensory Order, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.  
  
  1973. Law, Legislation, and Liberty, v. 1, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  
  1988. The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism, W. W. Bartley III, ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press.  
  
  Horwitz, Steven:1992. "Monetary Exchange as an Extra-Linguistic Social Communication Process," Review of Social Economy 50, 2, Summer.  
  
  1998a. "Hierarchical Metaphors in Austrian Institutionalism: A Friendly Subjectivist Caveat," in Methodological Issues in the Subjectivist Paradigm: Essays in Memory of Ludwig Lachmann, Roger Koppl and Gary Mongiovi, eds, New York: Routledge.  
  
  1998b. "Monetary Calculation and Mises''s Critique of Planning," History of Political Economy 30, 3, Fall: 427-50.  
  
  Jaffe, William:1976. "门格尔, Jevons and Walras De-homogenized," Economic Inquiry 14, December.  
  
  Kukathas, Chandran.:1990. 哈耶克 and Modern Liberalism, Oxford: Clarendon.  
  
  Lachmann, Ludwig M:1971. The Legacy of Max Weber, Berkeley: The Glendessary Press.  
  
  Langlois, Richard:1986a. "Rationality, Institutions, and Explanation," in Richard Langlois, ed., Economics as a Process: Essays in the New Institutionalist Economics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  
  
  1986b. "Coherence and Flexibility: Social Institutions in a World of Radical Uncertainty," in Subjectivism, Intelligibility, and Economic Understanding, Israel M. Kirzner, ed., New York: New York University Press.  
  
  1986c. "The New Institutional Economics: An Introductory Essay," in Richard Langlois, ed., Economics as a Process: Essays in the New Institutionalist Economics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  
  
  Madison, Gary:1998. The Political Economy of Civil Society and Human Rights, New York: Routledge.  


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