1906年《海上保险法》
1906年《海上保险法》
郭国汀
【关键词】Marine Insurance Law
【全文】
海上保险（Marine Insurance）
第1条：海上保险的定义（Marine insurance defined）
A contract of marine insurance is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes to indemnify the assured, in manner and to the extent thereby agreed, against marine losses, that is to say, the losses incident to marine adventure.
海上保险合同，是一种保险人按照约定的方式和范围，对与海上冒险有关的海上灭失，向被保险人承担赔偿责任的合同。
第2条 海陆混合风险 （Mixed sea and land risks）
2.(1) A contract of marine insurance may, by its express terms, or by a usage of trade, be extended so as to protect the assured against losses on inland water or on any land risk which may be incidental to any sea voyage.
(2) Where a ship in course of building, or the launch of a ship, or any adventure analogous to a marine adventure, is covered by a policy in the form of a marine policy, the provisions of this Act, in so far as applicable, shall apply thereto；but, except by this section provided, nothing in this Act shall alter or affect any rule of law applicable to any contract of insurance other than a contract of marine insurance as by this Act defined.
(1)海上保险合同，得用明示条款或经由某种贸易习惯，扩展保障被保险人在与海上航程有关的内河或任何陆地风险中的损失。
(2)如果用海上保险单格式的保险单，承保建造中的船舶，或者船舶下水，或类似海上冒险的任何冒险，本法中的各项规定，只要是可适用者，均得适用之；但除本条规定者外，本法的任何规定，都不能改变或影响任何适用于本法规定的海上保险合同以外的保险合同的法律规定。
第3条 海上冒险与海上危险的定义（Marine adventure and maritime perils defined ）
3.(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, every lawful marine adventure may be the subject of a contract of marine insurance.
(2) In particular there is a marine adventure where-
(a) Any ship, goods or other movables are exposed to maritime perils. Such property is in the Act referred to as “insurable property.”
(b) The earning or acquisition of any freight, passage money, commission, profit or other pecuniary benefit, or the security for any advances, loans or disbursements, is endangered by the exposure of insurance property to maritime perils.
(c) Any liability to a third party may be incurred by the owner of, or other person interested in or responsible for, insurable property, by reason of maritime perils.
3(1) 受本法规定的制约，每一合法的海上冒险得为海上保险合同的标的。
(2) 特别是以下各项属于海上冒险：
（a）受海上危险影响的任何船舶，货物或其他动产。此种财产在本法中被称为“可保财产”。
（b）由于保险财产暴露于海上危险之中而危及的任何运费，客票款，佣金，利润或其他钱财上的利益，或任何预付款，贷款，或垫付费用的担保。
（c）保险财产的所有人或其他对其有利益或有责任的当事人由于海上风险的原因对第三方产生的任何责任。”
保险利益（Insurable Interest）
第4条 赌博合同无效（Avoidance of wagering or gaming contracts）
4.(1) Every contract of marine insurance by way of gaming or wagering is void.
(2) A contract of marine insurance is deemed to be a gaming or wagering contract-
(a) Where the assured has not an insurable interest as defined by this Act and the contract is entered into with no expectation of acquiring such an interest; or
(b) Where the policy is made “interest or no interest” or “without further proof of interest than the policy itself”, or “without benefit of salvage to the insurer”, or subject to any other like term.
Provided that, where there is no possibility of salvage, a policy may be effected without benefit of salvage to the insurer.
4．（1）用作赌博的海上保险合同无效。
（2）海上保险合同在下列情况下，被认为是赌博合同：
(a) 被保险人对保险标的无本法规定的保险利益，而且在缔约后仍无获得此种保险利益的可能；
(b) 保险单是按“无论有无保险利益”， 或“除保险单本身外，再无具有保险利益的证明”，或“保险人无救助利益”等条件，或按其他类似条件订定的。
但是，如无救助的可能，保险单可以按保险人无救助利益的条件签订。
第5条 保险利益的定义（Insurable interest defined）
5.（1）Subject to the provisions of this Act, every person has an insurable interest who is interested in a marine adventure.
（2） In particular, a person is interested in a marine adventure where he stands in any legal or equitable relation to the adventure or to any insurable property at risk therein, in consequence of which he may benefit by the safety or due arrival of insurable property, or may be prejudiced by its loss, or by damage thereto, or by the detention thereof, or may incur liability in respect thereof.
（1）根据本法各条规定，与海上冒险有利益关系的每一个人具有保险利益。
（2）一个人与海上冒险有利益关系，尤其是在他与该冒险或处在危险中的任何保险财产，具有任何法律上或衡平的关系，因而若保险财产安全或及时抵达他便能从中获取利益；反之，如果保险财产灭失，损坏，或被滞留或招致有关责任，他的利益将受到损害。
第6条 何时应具有利益（When interest must attach）
6.（1）The assured must be interested in the subject-matter insured at the time of loss though he need not be interested when the insurance is effected.
（2）Where the assured has no interest at the time of the loss, he cannot acquire interest by any act or election after he is aware of the loss.
（1）虽然投保时被保险人无需对保险标的具有利益，但在保险标的灭损时，他必须对其具有利益。
（2）如果被保险人在灭损当时不具有利益，他不能在他知晓该灭损后，通过任何行为或选择而获取利益。
第7条 可撤销的利益或偶然的利益（Defeasible or contingent interest）
7.(1) A defeasible interest is insurable, as also is a contingent interest.
(2) In particular, where the buyer of goods has insured them, he has an insurable interest, notwithstanding that he might, at his election,
（1）可撤销的利益是保险利益，偶然的利益亦然。
（2）特别是，如货物买方已将该批货物保险，他就对该批货物具有保险利益，尽管由于卖方交货延误或其他原因，致使被保险人可能选择拒收货物，或将货物视作卖方风险。
第8条 部分利益（Partial interest）
8. A partial interest of any nature is insurable.
8．任何性质的部分利益均可承保。
第9条 再保险（Re-insurance）
9(1) The insurer under a contract of marine insurance has an insurable interest in his risk, and may re-insure in respect of it.
(2) Unless the policy otherwise provides, the original assured has no right or interest in respect of such re-insurance.
9．（1）海上保险合同中的保险人对其承保的风险有保险利益，并可将有关风险再保险。
（2）除非保险单另有规定，原被保险人对此种再保险没有权利或利益。
第10条 （以船、货为抵押物的）抵押贷款（Bottomry）
10. The lender of money on bottomry or respeondentia has an insurable interest in respect of the loan.
10．以船、货为抵押物的贷款方对其贷款有保险利益。
第11条 船长和船员的工资（Master’s and seamen’s wages）
11. The master or any member of the crew of a ship has an insurable interest in respect of his wages.
11．船长或船员对其工资有保险利益。
第12条 预付运费（Advance freight）
12. In the case of advance freight, the person advancing the freight has an insurable interest, in so for as much freight is not repayable in case of loss.
12．预付运费的人对在损失后不能收回的预付运费有保险利益。
第13条 保险费（Charges of insurance）
13. The assured has an insurable interest in the charges of any insurance which be may effect.
13．被保险人对其应支付的保险费具有保险利益。
第14条 利益数额（Quantum of interest）
14.(1) Where the subject-matter insured is mortgaged, the mortgagor has an insurable interest in the full value thereof, and the mortgagee has an insurable interest in respect of any sum due or to become due under the mortgage.
(2) A mortgagee, consignee, or other person having an interest in the subject-matter insured may insure on behalf and for the benefit of other persons interested as well as for his own benefit.
(3) The owner of insurable property has an insurable interest in respect of the full value thereof, notwithstanding that some third person may have agreed, or be liable, to indemnify him in case of loss.
14．（1）在保险标的被抵押之场合，抵押人对抵押物的全部价值有保险利益，而抵押权人对抵押贷款合同下其所付的或应付的有关金额有保险利益。
（2）抵押权人、收货人或对保险标的有利益的其他人，除为了自已的利益外，得代表和为其他有利害关系的人的利益进行保险。
（3）尽管在发生损失的情况下，某些第三者可能已同意或有义务赔偿其损失，保险财产的所有人对其财产的全部价值有保险利益。
第15条 利益转让（Assignment of interest）
15．Where the assured assigns or otherwise parts with his interest in the subject-matter insured, he does not thereby transfer to the assignee his rights under the contract of insurance, unless there be an express or implied agreement with the assignee to that effect.
But the provisions of this section do not affect a transmission of interest by operation of law.
15．被保险人若转让或以其他方式放弃其保险标的利益，他并不因此将其保险合同下的权利转让给受让人，除非与受让人订有转让保险权益的明示或默示协议。
但本条规定不影响因实施法律而发生的利益转让。
保险价值（Insurable Value）
第16条 保险价值的确定（Measure of insurable value）
16. Subject to any express provision or valuation in the policy, the insurable value of the subject-matter insured must be ascertained as follows:-
(1) In insurance on ship, the insurable value is the value at the commencement of the risk, of the ship, including her outfit, provisions and stores for the officers and crew, money advanced for seamen’s wages, and other disbursements (if any) incurred to make the ship fit for the voyage or adventure contemplated by the policy, plus the charges of insurance upon the whole:
