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第二到第四个理由的概括，笔者受到N. MacCormick的启发，N. MacCormick, The concept of law and The Concept of Law.Pp163-193.
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此处实质涉及到哈特与德沃金关于法理学究竟是描述法理学还是评价法理学的争议Hart，postcripts to the concept of the law , in The Concept of the law, Oxford Press1992, p257.
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这里需要认真对待的例外也许是哈特。可以说当代最重要的法律哲学家对法的概念的理解无一不受到哈特的影响。众所周知，一部《法律的概念》都意不在给法下一个定义，而只是不动声色的描绘各种规则现象。但哈特毕竟不承认法在概念上与道德有必然联系，而把法当作一个规则的封闭体系，因此我们仍然可以从体系之封闭性上对其概念论提出批评，这样的工作德沃金已经有了出色的完成。
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