1.2.2.11.范文进：《行政契约中的权利义务配置研究》，西南政法大学2006年硕士学位论文。
本文从制度、学说以及实践中的种种困惑与矛盾出发进行思考：究竟为什么在现实与理论存在如此激烈矛盾的情况下，行政契约制度仍然能蓬勃发展，显现出如此旺盛的生命力。笔者指出，这是因为行政契约制度的出现顺应了新的时代潮流，是对传统和经典理论的突破与发展，其内容与形式是现实具体情况的客观需要。真正能够反映行政契约本质的理论，都不可能是固守传统的机械解释，它只能是以行政契约实践经验为根据的理论概括与总结，人们在不得不适用行政契约的实践过程中不自觉的依照客观情况的需要对其内容进行填充与发展，而这种顺其自然所产生的基本内容框架大致满足了行政契约基本价值之需求，因而这种倍受理论非议与实践困扰的制度依然能顽强的生存发展且不断突破。
1.2.2.12.杨福韬：《我国乡镇公共服务外包中的行政合同研究》，华东师范大学2008年硕士学位论文。
自2003年以来，湖北省委、省政府借鉴西方国家的公共服务合同外包制度，对湖北省乡镇基层事业单位进行市场化改革，通过一系列的改革措施不但精简了机构、提高了行政效率，还大大提高了乡镇行政给付水平。由于目前缺乏对该项法律制度的规范性定性和系统化研究，同时由于契约行政尚未成为我国行政法制中的一项完备的制度，还没有专门的法律和法规对各方的权利和义务关系进行规范和调整，所以一定程度上导致了该项制度在法律概念界定、形式效力、合同签定、合同履行、合同救济、合同监督等方面出现了法律控制上的缺位，一定程度上影响了该项法律制度行政效能的发挥。基于以上原因，本文对湖北省乡镇公共服务合同外包制度进行系统的法律分析和研究。本文最重要的乃第三部分。该部分以行政契约理论为基础，从乡镇公共服务外包行政合同的形式内容、合同签订、合同履行、合同救济等方面研究和发现其中存在的法律问题。
1.2.3.Law review articles（法学评论文章）
1.2.3.1.邢鸿飞：《政府特许经营协议的行政性》，《中国法学》2004年第6期。（法宝引证码：CLI.A.12414）
本文在对政府特许经营协议的主要形式进行介绍和分析的基础上，从政府特许经营协议主体的特定性、政府特许经营协议目的的公益性、政府特许经营协议适用规则的公法属性入手，分析了政府特许经营协议的行政性，认为政府特许经营协议是一种行政性（或公法上的）契约，是借助契约手段实现行政目标的行政合同。宏观上看，政府特许经营在提供公共服务、优化资源配置、拓宽融资渠道等方面的作用，无不体现其行政性和公益性。从微观角度，在特定案件中，政府特许经营的行政性和公益性，同样可以通过在契约中保留政府特权或主导性权利的条款来实现。
1.2.3.2.钱水苗、巩固：《论环境行政合同》，《法学评论》2004年第5期。（法宝引证码：CLI.A.124452）
本文对环境行政合同的性质作出了深入的论述。行政性是环境行政合同的基本特性，此特性使其区别于民事合同；环境性是环境行政合同区别于其他行政合同的特征；合同性是行政合同区别于通常的行政管理方式的根本特性，是其优势赖以发挥的关键。环境行政合同制度完善之关键在于如何在“环境性”要求下，实现“行政性”与“合同性”的有机协调、完美结合。为此，一个总的基本原则是“坚持行政性，发挥合同性”。在合同订立、实施的不同阶段，其特性应各有侧重。
1.2.3.3.刘晓霞：《我国行政合同的适用范围及相关问题探析》，《甘肃政法学院学报》2002年第4期。（法宝引证码：CLI.A.184209）
通过对行政合同的产生、行政合同适用范围在我国及国外的理论与实践以及与行政合同密切相关的几个问题的探讨，我行政合同适用范围的界定是一件较困难的事，同时也说明了行政合同的广泛性、开放性、发展性及灵活性。其一，行政合同适用于非权力行政行为、积极行政行为领域，以区别于行政命令、规制行政、消极行政。其二，行政合同适用于非权力政府经济行为领域，以体现国家对经济的调控与干预。如政府采购合同。其三，行政合同适用公共利益，公共服务等所谓公务的领域。其四，行政合同适用于给付行政领域包括社会保障领域。其五，行政合同适用于直接为执行公务的双方的行政行为。这就排除了政府签订的民事合同。其六，行政合同适用于一方为行政机关，一方为行政相对人的为行政管理目的而直接执行公务的合同。
1.2.3.4.李昭：《德法行政合同制度之比较》，《河北法学》2004年第3期。（法宝引证码：CLI.A.119285）
法国通过成文法规定了一些重要的行政合同，并通过行政法院的判例确立了其他识别行政合同的标准，从而建立了适用范围广泛的行政合同制度。由于受法国行政法上根深蒂固的公共利益优先观念的影响，法国行政合同制度在价值取向上更注重对公共利益的保护，相对而言行政性较强，合意性则有所不足。表现在法律规定上，主要就是行政机关享有许多当然的法定单方特权；相比之下，合同双方当事人之间权利义务配置的不平等性非常明显。
德国通过成文法的形式明确规定了行政合同的含义和识别标准，并通过法院判例对其作出的扩大解释扩展了行政合同的适用范围，使得行政合同作为一种与行政行为并列的行政活动被广泛地应用于行政实践之中。但与法国的行政合同相比，其适用范围仍然较窄。德国的行政合同更强调双方当事人地位的平等性，主要通过双方约定的方式来配置合同的权利义务，并对公共利益和个人利益实行同等法律保护，既符合了合同的本质要求，同时也更加体现出现代契约行政的民主精神。
1.2.3.5.张宁：《由民法学者的质疑而引起的对行政合同的再思考》，《河北法学》2004年第6期。（法宝引证码：CLI.A.119497）
合同的起源并不是因为合同主体之间的平等，而是源于不同主体之间利益互补的需要，这才是合同精要之所在。行政合同并没有混淆市场交易行为与国家对市场交易的管理行为，而恰恰是将这两种行为融合在一起。尽管行政合同存在着种种问题，但随着理论与实践日臻完善，这一管理方式终将成为现代政府进行公共事务管理的必然选择。
1.2.3.6.湛中乐、刘书燃：《PPP协议中的法律问题辨析》，《法学》2007年第3期。（法宝引证码：CLI.A.1114088）
PPP协议中反映了公共部门与私人部门之间对于公共服务的买卖合同关系，还反映了私人部门作为公共服务的生产者和经营者与公共部门作为公共服务市场的监管者之间的管理与被管理关系。在PPP模式中，政府至少承担着三重角色的责任和义务：规则的制定者与执行者、公共服务的采购者和提供者、公共服务的监管者等。特许经营协议履行过程中，除行政主体方通过行政行为方式侵害私人部门权益等个别情形外，应当允许当事人自由选择通过公法或者私法方式来解决由此引发的法律争议。
1.2.3.7.杨卓敏：《城市公共交通民营化的法律问题》，《法学》2004年第7期。（法宝引证码：CLI.A.1127071）
城市公共交通作为民营化改革中一种特殊而敏感的行业，需要小心谨慎地在“促进公交行业有序竞争”和“方便城市市民出行”之间寻求一个平衡点。本文从分析公共交通的特性、其民营化的现状及与立法的关系入手，运用法学、行政学原理和相关国内、国外范本，对涉及公交民营化法律和制度上的六大问题予以探讨。
1.2.3.8.于安：《我国政府采购法的合同问题》，《法学》2002年第3期。（法宝引证码：CLI.A.1126889）
对政府采购合同性质的分歧意见，集中在政府采购合同属于普通的民事债权合同，还是特殊的行政合同。有关方面起初对此所持立场比较客观，兼顾两方面主张的优点。认为政府采购合同一般应当作为民事合同，同时还指出，应当注意到政府采购资金属于财政性资金，采购目的是为了公共事务，政府采购还具有维护公共利益，加强财政支出管理、抑制腐败等功能，政府采购合同又不完全等同于一般的民事合同，需要在明确适用合同法的前提下，对政府采购合同的有关特殊问题作出规定。但是后来这一立场发生了重大变化，规定政府采购合同适用合同法，对其他特殊规定也作了改变，这可以理解为政府采购合同被认为完全是民事合同。
1.2.3.9.于立深：《通过实务发现和发展行政合同制度》，《当代法学》2008年第6期。（法宝引证码：CLI.A.1119180）
我国行政合同法典化和制度性发展遇到了困难，除了必须妥善处理与民事合同的关系之外，还须对行政合同制度的实践发展进行实证性的总结，严谨地描述行政合同制度的实务现状。通过国家政策、国家立法和司法实务三个层面的考察、勾勒和研判，可以发现行政合同制度是内生于我国现实土壤的一种制度选择，各级政府已经把行政合同作为一种新的社会治理工具，不同层次的立法规范确认了行政合同制度的法律地位，司法政策也已经承认了行政合同制度。
1.2.3.10.肖北庚：《论政府采购合同的法律性质》，《当代法学》2005年第4期。（法宝引证码：CLI.A.14492）
《政府采购法》将政府采购合同定位为民商事合同，似乎是对政府采购合同在宏观上具有民商事合同的某些性质作了准确定位。然而，微观分析这一定位，可以发现它既未反映合同类型化的法制演进逻辑，更与政府采购合同国际发展趋势不一致。政府采购合同的本质属性明显有别于民商事合同，属行政合同。
1.2.3.11.叶伟平：《行政合同纠纷几个法律问题探讨》，《行政法学研究》2005年第3期。（法宝引证码：CLI.A.113252）
行政合同与民事合同的区别主要体现在合同目的是否具有公益性、合同内容是否受公法调整。非行政合同当事人由于不具有实体上的请求权，与行政主体之间不具有法律上的因果关系，故无权提起行政诉讼。行政合同起诉期限应当借鉴民事合同诉讼时效的规定，区分有效和无效行政合同，采取不同的起诉期限计算方法。行政合同违约赔偿，是一种行政赔偿，在赔偿范围上应以原告实际经济损失为限。
1.2.3.12.左然：《乡镇公共服务中的行政合同研究》，《行政法学研究》2006年第1期。（法宝引证码：CLI.A.113310）
行政合同在乡镇政府行政管理中的运用，标志着我国基层政府管理方式由单一行政管理手段向法律管理手段的重大转变。引起乡镇政府行为方式转变的深刻原因，一是以取消农业税费为主要内容的农村经济体制改革；二是乡镇公共服务和公益事业发展体制均改革。由于乡镇文化环境及干部的认识和管理水平的限制，在运用行政合同中存在诸多问题，这应当引起足够重视，并加以完善，以推动这场重要变革。
1.2.3.13.赵宏：《试论行政合同中的诚实信用原则》，《行政法学研究》2005年第2期。（法宝引证码：CLI.A.113282）
从行政合同的契约本质考虑，诚实信用原则当然可以适用于行政合同；从行政合同的行政性来看，诚实信用原则适用于行政合同有利于规制行政特权的恣意行使。对于历来强调国家的优越地位，缺乏对个人权利保护和平等地位尊重传统的我国，在行政合同理论和实践中倡导诚信原则更具意义。具体适用时，一方面要借鉴诚实信用原则在私法合同中的适用，另一方面更要注重诚信原则对行政机关在行政合同中进行公益裁量、行使行政特权时的有效约束。
1.2.3.14.何渊：《论行政协议》，《行政法学研究》2006年第3期。（法宝引证码：CLI.A.113343）
与行政合同不同的是，行政协议本质上是一种对等性行政契约。它的缔结，主要是合作各方的事，中央政府无法越俎代庖。但行政协议法这一制度平台是地方政府无能为力的，只能由中央政府来构筑和提供。只有制定行政协议法，中央政府才能对地方政府的协作实现法律监控，地方政府间的合作也才能稳固和得到法律保障。
1.2.3.15.张明军：《论行政主体的缔约责任——民法缔约过失理论在行政合同制度中的引入与适用》，《行政法学研究》2004年第4期。（法宝引证码：CLI.A.113219）
借鉴民法上的缔约责任，行政主体的缔约责任是行政主体在缔结行政合同过程中超越缔约规则，违反缔约义务，给另一方相对人或第三人的利益造成损害所应承担的法律责任。行政主体缔约责任的理论基础是诚信原则和信赖保护原则，其中信赖保护的范围更广。行政主体承担缔约责任的前提是违反了缔约义务，包括确保缔约程序公正的义务和确保合同合法有效的义务。损害赔偿是行政主体承担缔约责任的方式。
1.2.3.16.杨欣：《论行政合同与民事合同的区分标准》，《行政法学研究》2004年第3期。（法宝引证码：CLI.A.113176）
合同定性的不同，直接决定其适用规则与救济渠道的差异。我国现行行政合同与民事合同的区分标准，就总体而言，偏于抽象，操作性不强。西方国家行政合同与民事合同的区别标准多元且具有成文化趋势。借鉴西方经验，我国行政合同与民事合同的区分，应以合同是否具有公法性质为判断中心，以公权力因素与公益因素作为主要判断基准，建立多元的具有操作性的规则体系。
1.2.3.17.王文英：《试论政府采购合同的性质》，《行政法学研究》2003年第3期。（法宝引证码：CLI.A.113107）
政府采购合同包括货物采购合同、服务采购合同和工程采购合同。就其性质而言，公共工程采购合同及由行政机关决定执行特定经济社会政策目标的货物采购合同、服务采购合同和其他工程采购合同为行政合同，其余为民事合同。从发展趋势看，作为民事合同的政府采购合同占较大比重，这并不意味着政府采购合同中行政合同种类可有可无，而是特定政府采购合同中公共利益优先的必然要求。
1.2.3.18.蔡乐渭：《BOT中的行政法问题研究》，《行政法学研究》2003年第3期。（法宝引证码：CLI.A.113091）
从BOT特许协议的特性看，此类合同完全符合行政合同的要件。但是，在制度层面，我国现有的规范民事合同的法律法规如《民法通则》、《合同法》等并不足以涵盖BOT特许协议。由此，得出BOT特许协议在法律性质上为行政合同的结论当无疑问。然而，BOT特许协议从总体上看，还是一种行政许可行为。
2.U.S. Legal Sources (choose at least one foreign country)（美国法律资源）
2.1. Primary Sources（原始资源）
2.1.1.Statutes（法律）
2.1.1.1.5 U.S.C.A. § 553 Rule making (Title 5. Government Organization and Employees, Part I. The Agencies Generally, Chapter 5. Administrative Procedure, Subchapter II. Administrative Procedure, § 553. Rule making)
(a) This section applies, according to the provisions thereof, except to the extent that there is involved--(2) a matter relating to agency management or personnel or to public property, loans, grants, benefits, or contracts.
评价与解释：
《美国联邦行政程序法》（Administrative Procedure Act, APA）是我所接触到的美国行政法内容中最熟悉的部分，但是其中并没有对行政合同作出相应的规定。上列规定则进一步排除了公共合同（public contracts）在规则制定（rule making）中的适用。这要求我在法律文献检索过程中要进一步检索其他不熟悉的材料。
2.1.1.2.40 U.S.C.A. § 585 Lease agreements (Title 40. Public Buildings, Property, and Works, Subtitle I. Federal Property and Administrative Services, Chapter 5. Property Management, Subchapter V. Operation of Buildings and Related Activities, § 585. Lease agreements)
(a) In general.--
(1) Authority.--The Administrator of General Services may enter into a lease agreement with a person, copartnership, corporation, or other public or private entity for the accommodation of a federal agency in a building (or improvement) which is in existence or being erected by the lessor to accommodate the federal agency. The Administrator may assign and reassign the leased space to a federal agency.
(2) Terms.--A lease agreement under this subsection shall be on terms the Administrator considers to be in the interest of the Federal Government and necessary for the accommodation of the federal agency. However, the lease agreement may not bind the Government for more than 20 years and the obligation of amounts for a lease under this subsection is limited to the current fiscal year for which payments are due without regard to section 1341(a)(1)(B) of title 31.
(b) Sublease.--
(1) Application.--This subsection applies to rent received if the Administrator--
(A) determines that an unexpired portion of a lease of space to the Government is surplus property; and
(B) disposes of the property by sublease.
(2) Use of rent.--Notwithstanding section 571(a) of this title, the Administrator may deposit rent received into the Federal Buildings Fund. The Administrator may defray from the fund any costs necessary to provide services to the Government''s lessee and to pay the rent (not otherwise provided for) on the lease of the space to the Government.
(c) Amounts for rent available for lease of buildings on Government land.--Amounts made available to the General Services Administration for the payment of rent may be used to lease space, for a period of not more than 30 years, in buildings erected on land owned by the Government.
评价与解释：
上列内容规定了政府向其他主体租赁（lease）办公场地的权限（authority）、依据（terms）、转租（sublease）以及租金使用（use of rent）。值得注意的是，此种租赁合同与一般的民事租赁合同有些不同，如缔约时必须从政府的利益出发（in the interest of the Federal Government and necessary for the accommodation of the federal agency）、租金的使用有着严格的限制（deposit rent received into the Federal Buildings Fund）等。这与普通民事合同的契约自由精神有所不同，彰显了行政合同的特殊性。另外，该条规定的有关年限的特殊规定也值得研究。
2.1.1.3.41 U.S.C.A. § 8102 (41 USCA §701) Drug-free workplace requirements for Federal contractors (Title 41. Public Contracts , Subtitle IV. Miscellaneous, Chapter 81. Drug-Free Workplace)
(a) In general.--
(1 ) Persons other than individuals.--A person other than an individual shall not be considered a responsible source (as defined insection 113of this title) for the purposes of being awarded a contract for the procurement of any property or services of a value greater than the simplified acquisition threshold (as defined insection 134 of this title) by a Federal agency, other than a contract for the procurement of commercial items (as defined in section 103 of this title), unless the person agrees to provide a drug-free workplace by--(omitted.)
(2) Individuals.--A Federal agency shall not make a contract with an individual unless the individual agrees not to engage in the unlawful manufacture, distribution, dispensation, possession, or use of a controlled substance in the performance of the contract.
评价与解释：
上列内容规定了可与联邦政府机构（Federal agencies）订立公共合同（public contracts）的对象范围。值得注意的是，其中还提及了商业采购合同（a contract for the procurement of commercial items），这显然与民事合同有所联系。
(b) Suspension, termination, or debarment of contractor.--
(1) Grounds for suspension, termination, or debarment.--Payment under a contract awarded by a Federal agency may be suspended and the contract may be terminated, and the contractor or individual who made the contract with the agency may be suspended or debarred in accordance with the requirements of this section, if the head of the agency determines that--
(A) the contractor is violating, or has violated, the requirements of subparagraph (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), or (F) of subsection (a)(1); or
(B) the number of employees of the contractor who have been convicted of violations of criminal drug statutes for violations occurring in the workplace indicates that the contractor has failed to make a good faith effort to provide a drug-free workplace as required by subsection (a).
(2) Conduct of suspension, termination, and debarment proceedings.--A contracting officer who determines in writing that cause for suspension of payments, termination, or suspension or debarment exists shall initiate an appropriate action, to be conducted by the agency concerned in accordance with the Federal Acquisition Regulation and applicable agency procedures. The Federal Acquisition Regulation shall be revised to include rules for conducting suspension and debarment proceedings under this subsection, including rules providing notice, opportunity to respond in writing or in person, and other procedures as may be necessary to provide a full and fair proceeding to a contractor or individual.
(3) Effect of debarment.--A contractor or individual debarred by a final decision under this subsection is ineligible for award of a contract by a Federal agency, and for participation in a future procurement by a Federal agency, for a period specified in the decision, not to exceed 5 years.
评价与解释：
上列内容规定了公共合同的暂停履行（suspension）、终止履行（termination）以及禁令（debarment）的适用情形及相应后果。以上内容具有明显的行政合同特点，如能与合同法规范相比较，定会对本论文的写作有很大的帮助。
2.1.2.Regulations（行政法规）
2.1.2.1.2 C.F.R. § 182.630 Debarment (Title 2. Grants and Agreements, Subtitle A. Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements, Chapter I. Office of Management and Budget Governmentwide Guidance for Grants and Agreements, Subchapter G. National Policy Requirements, Part 182. Governmentwide Requirements for Drug–Free Workplace (Financial Assistance), Subpart F. Definitions,§ 182.630 Debarment.)
Debarment means an action taken by a Federal agency to prohibit a recipient from participating in Federal Government procurement contracts and covered non-procurement transactions. A recipient so prohibited is debarred, in accordance with the Federal Acquisition Regulation for procurement contracts (48 C.F.R. part 9, subpart 9.4) and agency regulations implementing the OMB guidance on non-procurement debarment and sus-pension (2 C.F.R. part 180, which implements Executive Orders 12549and12689).
2.1.2.2.2 C.F.R. § 1401.230 Debarment (Title 2. Grants and Agreements , Subtitle B. Federal Agency Regulations for Grants and Agreements, Chapter XIV. Department of the Interior, Part 1401. Requirements for Drug–Free Workplace (Financial Assistance), Subpart B. Definitions, §1401.230 Debarment.)
Debarment means an action taken by a Federal agency to prohibit a recipient from participating in Federal Government procurement contracts and covered non-procurement transactions. A recipient so prohibited is debarred, in accordance with the Federal Acquisition Regulation for procurement contracts (48 C.F.R. part 9, subpart 9.4) and 2 C.F.R. part 180.
2.1.2.3.2 C.F.R. § 182.670 Suspension (Title 2. Grants and Agreements, Subtitle A. Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements, Chapter I. Office of Management and Budget Governmentwide Guidance for Grants and Agreements, Subchapter G. National Policy Requirements, Part 182. Governmentwide Requirements for Drug–Free Workplace (Financial Assistance) , Subpart F. Definitions, § 182.670 Suspension.)
Suspension means an action taken by a Federal agency that immediately prohibits a recipient from participating in Federal Government procurement contracts and covered non-procurement transactions for a temporary period, pending completion of an investigation and any judicial or administrative proceedings that may ensue. A recipient so prohibited is suspended, in accordance with the Federal Acquisition Regulation for procurement contracts (48 C.F.R. part 9, subpart 9.4) and agency regulations implementing the OMB guidance on non-procurement debarment and suspension (2 C.F.R. part 180, which implements Executive Orders 12549 and 12689). Suspension of a recipient is a distinct and separate action from suspension of an award or suspension of payments under an award.
2.1.2.4.2 C.F.R. § 1401.270 Suspension (Title 2. Grants and Agreements, Subtitle B. Federal Agency Regulations for Grants and Agreements, Chapter XIV. Department of the Interior, Part 1401. Requirements for Drug–Free Workplace (Financial Assistance), Subpart B. Definitions, § 1401.270 Suspension.)
Suspension means an action taken by a Federal agency that immediately prohibits a recipient from participating in Federal Government procurement contracts and covered non-procurement transactions for a temporary period, pending completion of an investigation and any judicial or administrative proceedings that may ensue. A recipient so prohibited is suspended, in accordance with the Federal Acquisition Regulation for procurement contracts (48 C.F.R. part 9, subpart 9.4) and 2 C.F.R. part 180. Suspension of a recipient is a distinct and separate action from suspension of an award or suspension of payments under an award.
评价与解释：
上列内容分别是禁令（debarment）与暂停履行（suspension）的两个定义。经对比可以发现，它们各自的定义还是有所不同的。如要全方面地研究C.F.R.中有关禁令、暂停履行的内容，搜集、对比不同定义对于本论文的写作也是有益的，从中可以发现不同行政领域中行政合同的特点。
2.1.2.5.2 C.F.R. Pt. 220, App. A to Part 220 (Title 2. Grants and Agreements, Subtitle A. Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements, Chapter II. Office of Management and Budget Circulars and Guidance, Part 220. Cost Principles for Educational Institutions (OMB Circular a–21) , Appendix A to Part 220 Principles for Determining Costs Applicable to Grants, Contracts, and Other Agreements With Educational Institutions)
Omitted.
评价与解释：
上列内容是一个附录，规定了美国政府预算管理局（Office of Management and Budget, OMB）对教育机构（educational institutions）的授予、与教育机构签订的合同及其他协议中的成本确定原则。该段内容可以与具体案例相结合，从而与单纯的民事合同案例作出对比。
2.1.2.6. 43 C.F.R. § 3138.10 (Title 43. Public Lands: Interior, Subtitle B. Regulations Relating to Public Lands, Chapter II. Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior, Subchapter C. Minerals Management(3000), Part 3130. Oil and Gas Leasing: National Petroleum Reserve, Alaska, Subpart 3138. Subsurface Storage Agreements in the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPR-A), § 3138.10 When will BLM enter into a subsurface storage agreement in NPR-A covering federally-owned lands?)
BLM will enter into a subsurface storage agreement in NPR-A covering federally-owned lands to allow you to use either leased or unleased federally-owned lands for the subsurface storage of oil and gas, whether or not the oil or gas you intend to store is produced from federally-owned lands, if you demonstrate that storage is necessary to--
(a) Avoid waste; or
(b) Promote conservation of natural resources.
评价与解释：
上列内容规定了土地管理局（Bureau of Land Management）可以与相对人订立地下储藏合同（subsurface storage agreement）的情形。值得注意的是，若要和土地管理局订立此类合同，相对人还需要证明自身的情形属于(a)或(b)其中的一种；相对人的证明是否足以说服土地管理局，则可能取决于土地管理局的单方决定。很显然，此类地下储藏合同混杂了契约自由与行政机关单方决定权，具有行政合同的基本特征，是值得研究的行政合同样本之一。
2.1.2.7. 43 C.F.R.§3138.11 How do I apply for a subsurface storage agreement? (Title 43. Public Lands: Interior, Subtitle B. Regulations Relating to Public Lands, Chapter II. Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior, Subchapter C. Minerals Management(3000), Part 3130. Oil and Gas Leasing: National Petroleum Reserve, Alaska, Subpart 3138. Subsurface Storage Agreements in the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPR-A), § 3138.11 How do I apply for a subsurface storage agreement?)
(a) You must submit an application to BLM for a subsurface storage agreement that includes--
(1) The reason for forming a subsurface storage agreement;
(2) A description of the area you plan to include in the subsurface storage agreement;
(3) A description of the formation you plan to use for storage;
(4) The proposed storage fees or rentals. The fees or rentals must be based on the value of the subsurface storage, injection, and withdrawal volumes, and rental income or other income generated by the operator for letting or subletting the storage facilities;
(5) The payment of royalty for native oil or gas (oil or gas that exists in the formation before injection and that is produced when the stored oil or gas is withdrawn);
(6) A description of how often and under what circumstances you and BLM intend to renegotiate fees and payments;
(7) The proposed effective date and term of the subsurface storage agreement;
(8) Certification that all owners of mineral rights (leased or unleased) and lease interests have consented to the gas storage agreement in writing;
(9) An ownership schedule showing lease or land status;
(10) A schedule showing the participation factor for all parties to the subsurface storage agreement; and
(11) Supporting data (geologic maps showing the storage formation, reservoir data, etc.) demonstrating the capability of the reservoir for storage.
(b) BLM will negotiate the terms of a subsurface storage agreement with you, including bonding, and reservoir management.
(c) BLM may request documentation in addition to that which you provide under paragraph (a) of this section.
评价与解释：
上列内容规定了地下储藏合同（subsurface storage agreement）的申请步骤。其中，(a)所列的11项内容可谓常规的合同条款。值得注意的是，(b)(c)两项则显示了土地管理局在订立合同过程中的部分单方决定权，行政合同所显示的不平等性在这里得以体现。
2.1.2.8. 43 C.F.R.§3217.10 What are unit agreements? (Title 43. Public Lands: Interior, Subtitle B. Regulations Relating to Public Lands, Chapter II. Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior, Subchapter C. Minerals Management(3000), Group 3200. Geothermal Resources Leasing, Part 3200. Geothermal Resource Leasing, Subpart 3217. Cooperative Agreements, §3217.10 What are unit agreements?)
Under unit agreements, lessees unite with each other, or jointly or separately with others, in collectively adopting and operating under agreements to conserve the resources of any geothermal reservoir, field, or like area, or any part thereof. BLM will only approve unit agreements that we determine are in the public interest. Unit agreement application procedures are provided in part 3280 of this chapter.
评价与解释：
上列内容给出了一体化合同（unit agreement）的定义，其中明确提及，只有当土地管理局（Bureau of Land Management）确认该合同是为了公共利益而缔结的，才会批准该合同。这不仅涉及到行政合同的公益性，更体现了土地管理局在批准合同时所拥有的单方决定权。
2.1.2.9.43 C.F.R.§3137.111 When will BLM extend the primary term of all leases committed to a unit agreement or renew all leases committed to a unit agreement? (Title 43. Public Lands: Interior, Subtitle B. Regulations Relating to Public Lands, Chapter II. Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior, Subchapter C. Minerals Management(3000), Part 3130. Oil and Gas Leasing: National Petroleum Reserve, Alaska, Subpart 3137. Unitization Agreements--National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska, Obligations and Extensions,§3137.111 When will BLM extend the primary term of all leases committed to a unit agreement or renew all leases committed to a unit agreement?)
If the unit operator requests it, the BLM will extend the primary term of all NPR-A leases committed to a unit agreement or renew the leases committed to a unit agreement if any committed lease within the unit is extended or renewed under §§ 3135.1-5 or 3135.1-6. If the BLM approves a lease renewal under § 3135.1-6(b), the BLM will require a renewal fee of $100 per acre for each lease in the unit that is renewed.
评价与解释：
上列内容规定了何种情况下土地管理局会延长租赁期限。值得注意的是，开发者（operator）提出要求，土地管理局才会考虑延长的问题。另外，土地管理局也可以据此收取一笔费用（a renewal fee），而这笔费用是无法通过合意更改的。行政机关在行政合同履行过程中的特权于此又有体现。
2.1.2.10.43 C.F.R. § 3137.15 If the Federal lands constitute less than 10 percent of the lands in the proposed unit area, is the unit agreement subject to Federal regulations or approval?(Title 43. Public Lands: Interior, Subtitle B. Regulations Relating to Public Lands, Chapter II. Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior, Subchapter C. Minerals Management(3000), Part 3130. Oil and Gas Leasing: National Petroleum Reserve, Alaska, Subpart 3137. Unitization Agreements--National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska, Application, § 3137.15 If the Federal lands constitute less than 10 percent of the lands in the proposed unit area, is the unit agreement subject to Federal regulations or approval?)
If the Federal lands constitute less than 10 percent of the lands in the proposed unit area--
(a) You may use a unit agreement approved by the State and/or a native corporation;
(b) BLM will authorize commitment of the Federal lands to the unit if it determines that the unit agreement protects the public interest; or
(c) As unit operator you may ask BLM to approve and administer the unit. If BLM agrees to approve and administer the unit, you must follow, and BLM will administer, the regulations in this subpart and 43 CFR part 3160.
评价与解释：
上列内容规定了订立一体化合同（unitization agreement）的过程中，如果联邦土地不足拟进行一体化区域土地的10%，该合同是否还符合联邦行政法规或联邦的批准？该条列出了在此种情况下可能采取的三种措施。值得注意的是第二种措施中，出现了对公共利益(public interest)的考量，这又是行政合同的一个重要特征。
2.1.2.11.43 C.F.R. § 3217.12 What does BLM need to approve my communitization agreement?(Title 43. Public Lands: Interior, Subtitle B. Regulations Relating to Public Lands, Chapter II. Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior, Subchapter C. Minerals Management(3000), Group 3200. Geothermal Resources Leasing, Part 3200. Geothermal Resource Leasing, Subpart 3217. Cooperative Agreements, § 3217.12 What does BLM need to approve my communitization agreement?)
For BLM to approve a communitization agreement, you must give us the following information:
(a) The location of the separate tracts comprising the drilling or spacing unit;
(b) How you will prorate production or royalties to each separate tract based on total acres involved;
(c) The name of each tract operator; and
(d) Provisions for protecting the interests of all parties, including the United States.
评价与解释：
上列内容土地管理局批准群体化合同（communitization agreement）时相对人需要提供的信息。(a)(b)(c)仍属常规信息的范畴，但是(d)要求相对人提供保护所有当事人、包括美国利益的条款。至于相对人提供的条款是否能够保护相关利益，则又取决于土地管理局的单方决定；由此可见，行政合同的特征在群体化合同上又有体现。
2.1.2.12.43 C.F.R. § 3217.11 What are communitization agreements? (Title 43. Public Lands: Interior, Subtitle B. Regulations Relating to Public Lands, Chapter II. Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior, Subchapter C. Minerals Management(3000), Group 3200. Geothermal Resources Leasing, Part 3200. Geothermal Resource Leasing, Subpart 3217. Cooperative Agreements, § 3217.11 What are communitization agreements?)
Under communitization agreements (also called drilling agreements), operators who cannot independently develop separate tracts due to well-spacing or well development programs may cooperatively develop such tracts. Lessees may ask BLM to approve a communitization agreement or, in some cases, we may require the lessees to enter into such an agreement.
评价与解释：
上列内容定义了何谓群体化合同（communitization agreement）。有意思的是，订立群体化合同既有可能是由承租人先向土地管理局提出，也有可能是土地管理局要求承租人订立。可见，在群体化合同的订立过程中，契约自由精神得到了较大程度的彰显。
2.1.2.13.43 C.F.R. § 3217.13 When does my communitazation agreement go into effect? (Title 43. Public Lands: Interior, Subtitle B. Regulations Relating to Public Lands, Chapter II. Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior, Subchapter C. Minerals Management(3000), Group 3200. Geothermal Resources Leasing, Part 3200. Geothermal Resource Leasing, Subpart 3217. Cooperative Agreements, § 3217.13 When does my communitization agreement go into effect?)
(a) Your communitization agreement is effective when BLM approves and signs it.
(b) Before we approve the agreement:
(1) All parties must sign the agreement; and
(2)(i) We must determine that the tracts cannot be independently developed; and (ii) That the agreement is in the public interest.
评价与解释：
上列内容规定了群体化合同生效的要件。土地管理局的批准、合同要符合公共利益这两项要件再次佐证群体化合同是行政合同的一种典型。
2.1.2.14.43 C.F.R. § 3137.100 How must I allocate production to the United States when a participating area includes unleased Federal lands? (Title 43. Public Lands: Interior, Subtitle B. Regulations Relating to Public Lands, Chapter II. Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior, Subchapter C. Minerals Management(3000), Part 3130. Oil and Gas Leasing: National Petroleum Reserve, Alaska, Subpart 3137. Unitization Agreements--National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska, Production Allocation, § 3137.100 How must I allocate production to the United States when a participating area includes unleased Federal lands?)
(a) When a participating area includes unleased Federal lands, you must allocate production as if the unleased Federal lands were leased and committed to the unit agreement (see §§ 3137.80 and 3137.81 of this subpart). The obligation to pay royalty for production attributable to unleased Federal lands accrues from the later of the date the--
(1) Committed leases in the participating area that includes unleased Federal lands receive a production allocation; or
(2) Previously leased tracts with, , in the participating area become unleased.
(b) The royalty rate applicable to production allocated to unleased Federal lands is the greater of 12 1/2 percent or the highest royalty rate for any lease committed to the unit.
(c) The value of the production must be determined under the Minerals Management Service''s oil and gas product value regulations at 30 CFR part 206.
评价与解释：
上列内容规定了在参与区域（participating area）包含未出租的联邦土地的情况下，参与开发者也需要将未出租的土地当做是已经出租的、并且已经签订了一体化合同，进而才能进行生产分配等内容。虽然该条规定与一体化合同的关系并不是特别密切，但是其要求开发者遵守一体化合同的约定，是否也是一体化合同的另一种适用方式？此种适用方式究竟是行政机关单方作出的行政行为，抑或是含有部分双方合意的行政合同呢？这又是一个值得研究的命题。
2.1.2.15.43 C.F.R. § 3101.5-2 Coordination lands (Title 43. Public Lands: Interior, Subtitle B. Regulations Relating to Public Lands, Chapter II. Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior, Subchapter C. Minerals Management(3000), Part 3100. Oil and Gas Leasing, Subpart 3101. Issuance of Leases, § 3101.5. National Wildlife Refuge System Lands, § 3101.5-2 Coordination lands.
(a) Coordination lands are those lands withdrawn or acquired by the United States and made available to the States by cooperative agreements entered into between the Fish and Wildlife Service and the game commissions of the various States, in accordance with the Act of March 10, 1934 (48 Stat. 401), as amended by the Act of August 14, 1946 (60 Stat. 1080), or by long-term leases or agreements between the Department of Agriculture and the game commissions of the various States pursuant to the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act (50 Stat. 525), as amended, where such lands were subsequently transferred to the Department of the Interior, with the Fish and Wildlife Service as the custodial agency of the United States.
(b) Representatives of the Bureau and the Fish and Wildlife Service shall, in cooperation with the authorized members of the various State game commissions, confer for the purpose of determining by agreement those coordination lands which shall not be subject to oil and gas leasing. Coordination lands not closed to oil and gas leasing shall be subject to leasing on the imposition of such stipulations as are agreed upon by the State Game Commission, the Fish and Wildlife Service and the Bureau.
评价与解释：
上列内容规定了何谓协调用土地（coordination land）。协调用土地的一种来源便是长期租赁或合同（long-term leases or agreements）。虽然该条规定与相关行政合同没有太大的关系，但至少向我们展示了土地租赁合同在其他领域的广泛运用。
2.1.2.16.48 C.F.R. 9
Chapter 1. Federal Acquisition Regulation
Subchapter B. Acquisition Planning
Part 9. Contractor Qualifications
Subpart 9.1. Responsible Prospective Contractors
9.108 Prohibition on Contracting with Inverted Domestic Corporations.
Subpart 9.2. Qualifications Requirements
Subpart 9.3. First Article Testing and Approval
9.304 Exceptions.
9.308 Contract Clauses.
Subpart 9.4. Debarment, Suspension, and Ineligibility
9.406 Debarment.
9.407 Suspension.
9.409 Contract clause.
Subpart 9.5. Organizational and Consultant Conflicts of Interest
9.503 Waiver.
9.504 Contracting officer responsibilities.
9.505 General rules.
9.506 Procedures.
9.507 Solicitation Provisions and Contract Clause.
