第三款 曾经作为国会议员、合众国官员、州议会议员或州行政或司法官员,宣誓拥护合众国宪法,而又参与反对合众国的暴乱或谋反,或给予合合众国敌人以帮助或庇护者,不得为国会参议员或众议员、总统和副总统选举人,或在合众国或任何一州任文职、军职官员。但国会可以每院2/3的票数取消此项限制。
第四款 经法律认可的合众国公债,包括因支付对平定暴乱或叛乱有功人员的养老金与奖金而产生的债务,其效力不得怀疑。但合众国或任何一州都不得承担或偿付因资助对合众国作乱或谋叛而产生的债务或义务,或因丧失或解放任何奴隶而提出的赔偿要求;所有此类债务、义务和要求应视为非法和无效。
第五款 国会有权以适当立法实施本条各项规定。
2、行政法规、部门规章(Regulations):
(1)48 C.F.R. 931.205–33:
Title 48. Federal Acquisition Regulations SystemChapter 9. Department of EnergySubchapter E. General Contracting RequirementsPart 931. Contract Cost Principles and ProceduresSubpart 931.2. Contracts with Commercial Organizations931.205 Selected Costs.
931.205–33 Professional and consultant service costs.
(g)(1) Reasonable litigation and other legal expenses are allowable when incurred in accordance with 10 CFR part 719, Contractor Legal Management Requirements, if not otherwise made unallowable by law or provisions of the contract.
(2)(A) Cost reimbursement contracts involving work performed at facilities owned or leased by the Department for an amount exceeding $100,000,000 are covered by this cost principle and 10 CFR part 719.
(B) This cost principle and 10 CFR part 719 are applicable to legal counsel retained by the Department itself for litigation and other legal services where the legal costs over the life of the matter for which counsel has been retained are expected to exceed $100,000.
(七)(1)当符合CFR第719节“承包商的法律管理要求”的情形时,合理的诉讼和其他法律费用是允许的,只要不违背其他法律或合同规定。
(2)(a)在该政府部门拥有或租用的设施中进行履行工作的、金额超过$ 100,000,000的成本偿还合同,包含在这一成本原则和CFR第719节中。
(b)本成本原则和CFR第719节适用于该政府部门法律顾问的诉讼和其他法律费用,当关于该事项的生活费用预计超过10万美元时。
3、判例(Cases):
(1)Riggs v. Palmer(“里格斯诉帕尔默”案,1889年10月8日):
70 Sickels 506, 115 N.Y. 506, 22 N.E. 188Appeal from Supreme Court, general term, third department.
GRAY and DANFORTH, JJ., dissenting.
本案中,法官巧妙地运用法律原则,即“不应以本人的犯罪行为而获得财产”阻却了合法遗嘱的法律效力,剥夺了杀人者对财产的继承权。
(2)Argersinger v. Hamlin(“阿杰辛格诉汉姆林”案,1972年6月12日):
407 U.S. 25, 92 S.Ct. 2006, 32 L.Ed.2d 530Supreme Court of the United StatesArgued Dec. 6, 1971. Reargued Feb. 28, 1972. Decided June 12,.
本案中,美国最高法院裁决,得到律师协助的权利不仅适用于受到重罪指控的州和联邦的被告,而且适用于所有如被定罪将入狱服刑的受审判者。此后,不管罪行轻重,美国的穷人一旦因刑事罪被告上法庭,受案法院必须免费为其提供免费的公共辩护律师。为此,美国大多数城市和州都设立了由政府出资、专门为贫穷被告服务的公共辩护律师办公室,为穷人提供免费的律师服务。
(二)二次资源(Secondary Sources):
1、图书(Books):
(1)Philip Hamburger,Law and judicial duty,Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 2008.
该书通过讲解普通法的法律和司法责任理念来立论。一方面它展示了基于立法者权威来理解的法律和那些不能在法律场域被辨明的东西。另一方面,它表明了法官具有根据法律来决断的责任。这两个理念——法律和司法责任——共同设立并限制了法官可以做的。
(2)Theodore M Benditt, Law as rule and principle: problems of legal philosophy,Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 1978.
该书第四章从法律实证主义(尤其是奥斯丁和哈特)的角度来谈法律规则和法律原则,同时批判性检验了德沃金和哈特的论争。
(3)Richard S Markovits, Matters of principle: legitimate legal argument and constitutional interpretation,New York: New York University Press, 1998.
在美国这样一个自由、权利至上的国家中,道德原则的论争将是主要的合法性法律论争。该书讨论和分析了许多基本权利,比如教育权、隐私权、堕胎权、性自由权和安乐死的权利等等。
(4)Neil MacCormick, Rhetoric and the rule of law: a theory of legal reasoning,New York : Oxford University Press, 2005.
该书审查了“法律三段论”的角色和法律推理的普遍性,审视了结果主义和原则论争。
2、硕博学位论文(Dissertations):
(1)Kim Alaine Rathman,The “Common Heritage” Principle and the U.S. Commercialization of Outer Space, presented to the faculty of the Graduate Theological Union in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Berkeley, California, April I996.