其次,从重打击仅适用于趁灾犯罪和涉灾渎职犯罪,但是理由并不相同。对于趁灾犯罪来说,是利用了灾难时特殊的维护社会秩序的心理需求,破坏救灾和重建活动的行为。这种行为侵犯了救灾活动和重建社会秩序这一特殊法益,社会危害性是非常大的,客观上间接扩大了灾害损失。因此,在法定刑的范围内从重处罚是公正的。而涉灾渎职犯罪的特点是,如果没有灾害这一特殊要素的存在,仅仅是不作为的渎职行为可能并不会导致特定危害结果的发生。如某些中小学校舍可能属于“豆腐渣”工程,但是如果不发生大型地震则可能不会发生倒塌的后果。从因果关系的流程来讲,自然灾害似乎属于异常的介入因素。从该罪的犯罪构成来讲,自然灾害所带来的危害结果已经被该罪所预设。所以,因为自然灾害的出现而对此渎职行为从重处罚,似乎是不符合刑法公正的。但是,对涉灾渎职犯罪进行从重处罚,却符合刑事政策的一般原理。因为涉灾渎职犯罪一旦发生,就会使灾害的直接损害大大增加。通过从重处罚来宣示此行为的严重社会危害性和刑法的不肯宽宥,可以起到一般预防的效果,符合刑事政策的功利要求。
再次,打击相关涉灾渎职犯罪可以防范趁乱犯罪和趁灾犯罪。预防趁乱犯罪和趁灾犯罪,最重要的是坚持刑法的确定性原则,即坚持犯罪的必定性,熄灭某些人认为自己的行为可能不受处罚的幻想。趁乱犯罪之所以发生,“情有可原”、“法不责众”的想法是催生犯罪动机、增加有动机的犯罪人的主要原因。而执法者立案标准变得宽松、由于执法重点变化带来的选择性执法造成了打击漏洞,则使监管失效,降低犯罪风险,从而诱发了趁乱犯罪。由此又造成了公民认为灾害时期警方过于繁忙,无法有效应对犯罪,因而无法或不愿举报罪案。在增加犯罪黑数的同时,也增加了趁乱犯罪者的再犯率。对于以赈灾名义故意向灾区提供伪劣产品、假药劣药,贪污、挪用救灾款物等趁灾犯罪来说,监管不力的渎职行为更是诱发犯罪的主要原因。所以,对于趁乱犯罪和趁灾犯罪,在对其依法打击、绝不姑息的同时,对客观上诱发其产生的玩忽职守、滥用职权等渎职行为也要依法打击、绝不姑息。这对于从制度上和心理上预防趁乱犯罪和趁灾犯罪来说,是尤为重要的。因此,无论是考虑到涉灾渎职犯罪严重的社会危害性,还是考虑到它在预防趁乱犯罪、趁灾犯罪时的特殊功能,在制定灾后犯罪的防治对策时,都应将它作为打击的重点。
【作者简介】
王太宁,单位为昆明理工大学。
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