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社会资本理论的入径及对刑事政策实施的意义

  

  综上可见,刑事政策实施能否解决民众信任危机,不仅取决于刑事政策本身,还取决于刑事政策与民众之间联系的中间“媒体”-社会资本。这种以信任、沟通和参与为基本要素的社会资本,能够在刑事政策实施中建立国家与社会之间合作、信任与期待关系,进而成为能够进行功能补充的非制度化要素。当然,犯罪治理同社会发展一样,是难以被刻意设计与建构的,它是一个自生自发的结果,在刑事政策实施中通过公民参与建立起来的社会资本则可以促进这一结果的实现。


【作者简介】
姜涛,单位为江苏大学法学院。
【注释】以上早期学者的观点归纳来自于美国学者Manohar Pawar的整理,详细参见Manohar Pawar" Social Captial",the Social ScienceJournal 43,2006,p215。
Alejandro Portes. Social Capital: its Orgins and Applications in Modem Sociology , Annual Review of sociology 24,(1998):pl-24.
Robet D Putnam. Making democracy Work : Civic Traditions in modern Italy, NJ : Princeton University Press, 1994.
James Coleman. Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital .American Journal of sociology(1998) :P98.
Nan lin. Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action Cambridge ,Cambridge University Press, 2001,P4; P4-8.
http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/scapital/index.htm.
Jean-jacques Rousseau. the social contract(G. D. H. Cole,trans),New York:Dutton,1972,P.107.
Robet D Putnam. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, NJ:Princeton University Press,1994.
John Brehm and Wendy Rahn. Individual Level Evdiences for Causes and Consequences of Social Captial. American Journal of Science 41(3)1997:P888-1023.
Nan lin. Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action Cambridge,Cambridge University Press,2001,P4;P4-8.
S.Coleman.Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. In E.L.Lesser(Ed.),Knowledge&Social Capital.Boston:ButterworthHeinemann.2000.
Robet D Putnam.Making democracy Work: Civic Traditions in modern Italy, NJ:Princeton University Press,1994.
F.Fukuyama.Trust:The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity.New York: Free Press,1995.
A.de.Tocqevile.Democracy in American.Vol.1.New York:Vintage Book,1990.
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哈贝马斯·民主的三种规范模式:关于协商政治的概念.靳希平译,http://law.chinaue.com/html/2008-10-18/20081018114254531662.htm
“能量场”的概念似乎与哈贝马斯所言的“公共领域”的内涵有异曲同工之处。即认为政策的过程是一种“重复性的实践”活动,而这种“重复性的实践”活动是“能量场”概念的基础。既然将社会结构扎根于变化着的绵延性与坚固性的重复实践中将为已经富有成果的解释图式的进一步发展开辟新的天地,那么新生的话语形式也会发展成为有足够稳定性的重复性实践,并具有制度化的特征。可以预计,他们寻求的正是话语实践的制度化。
John Feild.Social Captical. New York:Routlage,2003,pl-2.
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西方学者在类型上将信任归纳为三种类型,包括:基于吓阻的信任(deterrence-based trust),基于知识的信任(knowledge-basedtrust),以及基于认同的信任(identification-based trust)。这三种信任都是建立在信任对象行为的一致性之上,认为社会信任的维持有赖于双方考量破坏承诺时可能遭受到的威胁或惩罚,行为的相互依赖性,以及相互利益的认同与实现。
Portes.The Economic Sociology of Immigration, NewYork:Russell Sage Foundation.1995,p14-50.
Grant Jordan.Sud-government,Policy Communities and Networks:Refilling the Old Boottles,Journal of Theoretical Politics2(2)1990:p319-338.
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Carrett hardin.The Tragedy of the Commons.Science(162),1968,p1243-1248.
James,Coleman.The Foundations of Social Theory,Cambridge,MA:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.1990,p36-62.


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