虽然商标法和不正当竞争法可能对民间文学提供一定的保护，但这种保护还是有限的。首先，商标法的目的是避免消费者混淆，此目标与保护土著文化以避免对土著象征、名字和标志的攻击性使用的目标并不一致。[86]其次，不正当竞争法的适用通常需要有关民间文学的交易发生，并且土著社群和开发民间文学的人之间存在竞争关系。因此，不正当竞争法并不是在所有的情况下都是有效的救济。[87]
（三）民间文学的特殊保护
从上文的分析可以看出，虽然现行知识产权制度的一些要素可以借鉴用来保护民间文学，但仍显不足；尽管有观点认为民间文学的保护可以通过现有知识产权制度全部或部分的解决，[88]但民间文学的属性同目前知识产权制度的客体明显存在很多差异，这些差异的存在可能要求采取不同于当前知识产权制度的特殊制度来解决民间文学的保护问题。例如，民间文学的权利属于传统社会之不断发展之社群的思想同现代知识产权的目标相冲突，现代知识产权是鼓励私人的进取心和犒赏个人权利的。[89]知识产权法的基本原理是个人所有权、对作品的经济开发和作者思想之表达的传播。知识产权的创造受自由企业和获利之经济原理的驱动。知识产权法的目标是创造一个有限的垄断权作为个人传播其原创性表达的激励。而土著艺术，特别是以神圣形式表现的土著艺术，并不是一个能够由个人来拥有的、应当被商业开发、能够被自由传播和能够被再解释与演绎的东西。这些作品在属性上是神圣的，并不像传统版权法所保护的作品，可能需要不同类型的保护。[90]
1993年6月，来自15个国家的超过150个的土著居民代表聚集在新西兰召开了第一次有关土著居民的文化和知识产权的国际会议。该会议通过了有关土著居民文化和知识产权的Mataatua 宣言。宣言申明现有知识产权制度对土著居民的需要来说并是不充分的，呼吁建立新的知识产权制度来为集体所有权提供保护，对历史上的作品提供溯及保护，反对对文化上重要的项目进行改造（debasement）等。[91]
当前知识产权制度对保护民间文学的不足呼唤民间文学特殊保护制度的建立。民间文学的特殊保护路径并不是产生于真空之中，而是来源于现存的一些主要法律原则，包含不正当竞争、盗用、合同、地理标记、精神权利等。[92]换言之，民间文学的特殊保护路径就是从已存的一些法律原则中汲取适合于民间文学保护的因素来建立民间文学的保护制度。例如在非洲知识产权组织（the African Intellectual Property Organization，简称OAPI）的协议将民间文学界定为由成员国的种群创作的并且代代相传的作品，其被视为国家遗产的一部分，其开发以通知适当的国家机构为条件。因为这些开发而收集的费用将被使用于社会或文化的目的。[93]该的协议要求每一个成员国在班吉协定采用后六个月内编辑一个国家遗产清单。清单中列举的财产受未经许可禁止任何种类的处置或商业开发的保护。国家遗产的所有者（owners）、持有者（holders）和占有者（occupiers）将被告知其财产地位，将被要求告知相关的政府机构其任何改变或出卖财产的计划。国家可以选择恢复其任何国家遗产，国家遗产的所有者不能反对恢复工作，必须允许政府机构接触该财产。财产的所有人将会被弥补在财产由政府占有期间所遭受的任何损失。[94]又如，基于民间文学的对象与主体的难以确定性，可以利用民间文学的登记制度来减少其被侵犯的可能性。除此之外，民间文学的特殊（sui generis）保护的主张认为这种保护应当是永久的和有溯及力的，在民间文学的基础上制作演绎作品应当受到严格限制。
不过，赋予民间文学以特殊保护也遭到不少人的质疑。首先，建立一个主管当局来管理民间文学可能使企图通过再解释传统主题来进一步发展传统艺术的土著艺术家受到阻碍。[95]其次，民间文学的商业开发在民间文学的特殊保护中占据重要地位，但民间文学的这种保护可能并不符合民间文学创作人的利益。对民间文学赋予财产权可能忽视了有些社群并不在乎民间文学开发的经济利益的情况。[96]再次，本土文化的劣质的（bastardized）商业开发可能使传统文化在公众心目中的文化和宗教意义的丧失。[97]第四，反对民间文学特殊保护的重要担心之一是就民间文学的使用所收取的费用被作为普通的政府资金，而并没有惠及创造该民间文学的社群。[98]第五，民间文学的特殊保护被认为是对民间文学的过度保护，这种过度保护将导致公共领域范围的减少。想通过非传统的方式开发艺术传统和想在艺术与工艺市场竞争的土著艺术家将受到这种民间文学保护制度的阻碍。这种法律将把文化冻结在历史时刻，让我们认为土著人民是历史浪漫的遗物，而否定它们当代的声音。[99]最后，对民间文学赋予永久保护是成问题的。民族群体可以永久的享有其民间文学，但在特殊权利保护制度之下，这种民间文学永久的权利是一种财产权，可以通过主管当局进行交易；私人主体就可以获得这些民间文学的独占许可的权利，从而可以永久的控制这些民间文学；结果便是这些民间文学就由市场而不是种族群体所控制。[100]
【作者简介】
卢海君，单位为对外经济贸易大学。
【注释】Copyright Law (Ghana) 53 (Mar. 21, 1985).
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IN AFRICA AND THE UNITED STATES. 48 Am. U.L. Rev. 769, 777(April, 1999).
Dr. Silke von Lewinski, TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, AND INDIGENOUS CULTURE: ARTICLE: THE PROTECTION OF FOLKLORE. 11 Cardozo J. Int’l & Comp. L. 747, 751(Summer, 2003).
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Christine Haight Farley, Protecting Folklore of Indigenous Peoples: Is Intellectual Property the Answer? 30 Conn. L. Rev. 1, 10(Fall, 1997).
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Law No. 82-18 to Regulate Copyright (Cameroon) 6(c), 51, 55(1)-(2) (Nov. 26, 1982).
Ordinance No. 85-002 on Copyright (Central African Republic) art.9 (Jan. 5, 1985).
Ordinance No. 85-002 on Copyright (Central African Republic) art.9 (Jan. 5, 1985).
Paul Kuruk, PROTECTING FOLKLORE UNDER MODERN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY REGIMES:
A REAPPRAISAL OF THE TENSIONS BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNAL RIGHTS
IN AFRICA AND THE UNITED STATES. 48 Am. U.L. Rev. 769, 777(April, 1999).
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Christine Haight Farley, Protecting Folklore of Indigenous Peoples: Is Intellectual Property the Answer? 30 Conn. L. Rev. 1, 6-7(Fall, 1997).
Ordinance No. 85-002 on Copyright (Central African Republic) art. 41(1) (Jan. 5, 1985).
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A REAPPRAISAL OF THE TENSIONS BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNAL RIGHTS
IN AFRICA AND THE UNITED STATES. 48 Am. U.L. Rev. 769, 776(April, 1999).
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A REAPPRAISAL OF THE TENSIONS BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNAL RIGHTS
IN AFRICA AND THE UNITED STATES. 48 Am. U.L. Rev. 769, 778(April, 1999).
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Act of Aug. 27, 1935, ch. 748, § 1, 49 Stat. 891 (codified as amended at 25 U.S.C. § 305 (1994)).
Dr. Silke von Lewinski, TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, AND INDIGENOUS CULTURE: ARTICLE: THE PROTECTION OF FOLKLORE. 11 Cardozo J. Int’l & Comp. L. 747, 754(Summer, 2003).
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Paul Kuruk, PROTECTING FOLKLORE UNDER MODERN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY REGIMES:
A REAPPRAISAL OF THE TENSIONS BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNAL RIGHTS
IN AFRICA AND THE UNITED STATES. 48 Am. U.L. Rev. 769, 775(April, 1999).
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Christine Haight Farley, Protecting Folklore of Indigenous Peoples: Is Intellectual Property the Answer?, 30 CONN. L. REV. 1, 31 (1997).
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Christine Haight Farley, Protecting Folklore of Indigenous Peoples: Is Intellectual Property the Answer? 30 Conn. L. Rev. 1, 17(Fall, 1997).
Deming Liu, CAN COPYRIGHT LEND ITS CINDERELLAIC MAGIC TO CHINESE FOLKLORE? 5 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 203, 206(Winter, 2006).
