需要强调的是：除了需要对应负责的“投机者”行使正常的追索权并对被害人进行深度谴责外，几乎所有的重大罪犯都已经逃之夭夭，目前唯一的关注点是他们是否值得纳税人掏那么多的钱消弭他们的罪恶。我们所看到的是对白领犯罪的忽视正以历史上前所未有的巨大态势重复上演。美国前任总检察长拒绝组建一支调查次贷危机根源的专门工作组，而是将此视为“最好由美国的私人律师事务所来解决的’白领街头犯罪‘”问题，这个决定本身就可以反映出布什政府强烈的亲商主义倾向。[60]
阿兰·格林斯潘所说的那句“这是我的错”令人痛苦地表明，新古典主义经济学家及其追随者都被如下思想所蒙蔽：忽视欺诈、认为自由市场乃万能良药，并视监管为绊脚石。格林斯潘的“震惊”在于这些公司总是利用一切可以利用的机会去实施诈骗，他的震惊也许显得很不真诚，但这也源自于拒绝承认下列事实：这些业务环境构成了长期被犯罪学家称作的“滋长犯罪的环境”[61]，而正是在此环境中，白领犯罪得以昌盛。经济学家往往要么意识不到要么蔑视其他学科的观点，并经常对政府干预市场的行为嗤之以鼻。因此，他们在制定监管银行和金融业的政策中，忽视了其中的诈骗问题。
这种反监管、反政府的思想在2008年的美国总统大选中得到了充分的展现。随着选举的进行，当共和党人处于不利地位时，他们用自认为是强力的咒语来猛烈抨击民主党人：民主党人是“社会主义者”，是魔鬼的恐怖代言人。他们甚至建议（这是上帝所禁止的）应该“重新分配财富”。
七、结语
克鲁格曼2009年指出：
当你重温格林斯潘对经济的断言时，震惊的是，他的断言并不是以证据为根据，而是以先前的“房地产业不会轻易地存在泡沫”这一论断为基础。金融理论家们对这点更是坚信不疑。有效市场假说理论之父--尤金·法玛在2007年的一次采访中说，“’泡沫‘这个词令我非常难以接受，”他继续解释为什么我们可以相信房地产市场：房地产市场很少具有流动性，但人们买房时会非常谨慎。买房将是他们的最大一笔投资，所以他们总是环顾四周，仔细比照房屋价格。招投标过程非常详细…“这番言论丝毫未触及”房屋的整体价格是否合理“这一问题。教训是非常明显的。通过以有限的数据为基础建立起来的艰深数学模型，就断定”社会现实“是非常危险的，尤其是处于政策制定层面的有权力的人郑重其事地这么做时，更是危险。从外部的变化情况和前后关系的重要因素来看，这些模型所未包括的内容（通常都是关于未解释的方案）可能会更重要。目前，对以统计的优雅模型（比如，认为泡沫实际上并不存在，诈骗并不是加速泡沫生成的重要因素）为基础的论断的大范围不加批判的接受，以及对专家和政策制定者结论的盲目顺从，已产生了严重的全球性后果。建立在有限的定义和概念基础上的研究，以及（或者）采用的不完全的官方数据，忽视了白领犯罪和法人犯罪的性质、程度和危害。这种疏忽的结果不仅体现在正常的白领犯罪和法人违法日益增长的成本上，而且当未被认清的地方性诈骗浪潮引领主要的金融崩溃时，还造成了大规模的社会破坏和损失（现在已经对相互依赖的全球经济造成了破坏）。在全球经济范围内预防白领犯罪和法人犯罪面临着巨大的挑战。全球经济的扩张，需要建立全局性的监管机构来控制跨国犯罪。尼尔·肖弗和安迪·霍克斯特勒已经总结了伴随这些变化而出现的犯罪性质和难度的变化：”全球性的监管以多种形式出现，并出现了一系列复杂的机构。它主要依赖于犯罪发生地国所进行的刑事追诉。然而，这些国家不愿意赋予其他国家和国际机构在其领土上确定和实现全球监管的权力。“[62]他们指出，绝大多数的国际合作都发生在战争犯罪和国际有组织犯罪领域，但是在谈到白领犯罪和法人犯罪时，他们援引迈克尔·吉尔伯特和史蒂夫·拉塞尔的观点说：”跨国公司所造成的一贯的可避免危害（经常是同等规模或更大规模）都被忽视了。“[63]
瑞士和一些欧盟成员国的评论家所采取的中立立场，继续忽视了精英白领犯罪的问题。在瑞银集团对美国公民的税收诈骗提供大规模支持的情况下，瑞士认为美国对这些犯罪的追究是对瑞士主权和尊严的侵犯，它起初帮助瑞银集团从瑞士法院获得阻止瑞银集团按美国法律行事的裁定。这一问题随后得以解决（据2009年德国之声的报道）。位于柏林的欧洲管理和技术学院教授弗朗西斯·德·威利考特最近声称，对促成全球经济危机的精英白领犯罪人所做的任何追诉都将属于”全民嗜血“的表现，是在寻找”替罪羊“。[64]与此相似，匈牙利布达佩斯的托马斯·霍维尔斯警告说，任何这样的追诉都是不公正的，因为一个”暴徒“总是”宿怨敌视的“。[65]
鉴于当前的危机所造成的前所未有的全球金融和个人损失、对危机原因和蔓延的根本性误解以及引起致命性错误政策的误导性的科学，这种严厉管制的呼吁是空洞的，代表了为忽视法人违法行为进行狡辩的观点。主要的”法与经济“公司法学者断定”反诈骗的规定并不是证券市场的一个必要或必然的重要组成部分。“[66]如前文所述，”有效市场假说“理论是现代金融理论的核心基石。会计监管舞弊不可能存在，因为它将使市场失灵--新古典主义经济学家明白市场是有效的，因为他们断定市场就是有效的。因此，对于这些经济学家来说，极端的白领犯罪率和法人犯罪率并不是当前全球经济崩溃的主要原因。正如我们所说的那样，现在是犯罪学家、经济学家、政策制定者以及其他人以严肃的态度对这种根基错误但仍有高度影响的观点提出挑战的时候了。
【作者简介】
亨利N·蓬特尔，单位为加利福尼亚州立大学欧文分校法与社会学院。威廉K·布莱克，单位为加利福尼亚州立大学欧文分校法与社会学院。吉尔伯特·盖斯，单位为加利福尼亚州立大学欧文分校法与社会学院。
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