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【作者简介】
闫召华，单位为山东科技大学。
【参考文献】[1]See the Innocence Project,http://innocenceproject.org/causes/,last visited Nov.10,2009,（finding thirty-three of the seventy-four DNA exonerations surveyed were caused by prosecutorial misconduct）。
[2]Angela J.Davis,“American Prosecutor:Power,Discretion,and Misconduct”,in 23 Crim.Just.（2008），p.25.
[3]Georgetown Law Journal,“Prosecutorial Misconduct”,in 37 Ann.Rev.Crim.Proc.（2008），p.590.
[4]Warren E.Burger,“Introduction:the ABA Standards for Criminal Justice”,in 12 Am.Crim.L.Rev.（1974），p.254.
[5]John M.Burkoff,“Prosecutorial Ethics:the Duty Not''To Strike Foul Blows‘”,in 53 U.Pitt.L.Rev.（1992），p.275.（Attorney General Richard Thornburgh also noted that prosecutors were being subjected to individual disciplinary Action,expressing concern that the current trends in ABA ethical formulations makes it increasingly hard for our prosecutors to do their job if they are continually having to worry about losing their license to practice law.）
[6]See Berger v.U.S.,295 U.S.78,88（1935）。（prosecutors may strike hard blows,but not foul ones.）
[7]David Margolick,“Punish Demjanjuk''s Prosecutors?Not Likely”,in 19 N.Y.TIMES（1993），at Al.
[8]See the Center for Public Integrity,Harmful Error,http://www.publicintegrity.org/pm,（last visited Nov.21,2009）。
[9]Notes,“Breathing New Life into Prosecutorial Vindictiveness Doetrine”,in 114 Harv.L.Rev.（2000），p.2084.
[10]Roger C.Cramton&Lisa K.Udell,“State Ethics Rules and Federal Prosecutors:the Controversies Over the Anti-Contact and Subpoena Rule3”,in 53 U.PITT.L.REV.（1992），p.291.
[11]Charles L.Cantrek,“Prosecutorial Misconduct:Recognizing Errors in Closing Argument”,in 26 Am.J.Trial Advoc.（2002），p.535.
[12]Brandon L.Garrett,“Innocence,Harmless Error,and Federal Wrongful Conviction Law”,in 2005 Wis.L.Rev.（2005），p.57.
[13]Michael T.Fisher,“Harmless Error,Prosecutorial Misconduct,and Due Process:There''s More to Due Process Than the Bottom Line”,in 88 Colum.L.Rev.（1988），p.1299.
[14]United States v.Decoster,624 F.2d 196,291（D.C.Cir.）（Bazelon,J.,dissenting），cert.denied,444 U.S.944（1979）。
[15]Bennett L.Gershman,“Mental Culpability and Prosecutorial Misconduct”,in 26 Am.J.Crim.L.（1998），p.126.
[16]Kerala Thie Coward,“On Responsible Prosecutorial Discretion”,in 44 Harv.C.R.-C.L.L.Rev.（2009），p.598.
[17]See Warren Diepraam,“Prosecutorial Misconduct:It Is Not the Prosecutor''s Way”,in 47 S.Tex.L.Rev.（2005），p.776.
[18]Michael D.Cicchini,“Prosecutorial Misconduct at Trial:A New Perspective Rooted in Confrontation Clause Jurisprudence”,in 37 Secton Hall L.Rev.（2006），p.335.
[19]Lyn M.Morton,“Seeking the Elusive Remedy for Prosecutorial Miseonduct:Suppresston,Dismissal,or Discipline”,in 7 Geo.J.Legal Ethics（1994），p.1102.
[20]See Smith v.Phillips,455 U.S.209,218（1982） （holding that even in the case of egregious prosecutoral misconduct,if there i3 no con stitutional or material error,there will be no retrial）。
[21]Addison M.Bowman,“Standards of Conduct for Prosecution and Defense Personnel.-An Attorney''s Viewpoint”,in 5 AM.CluM.L.Q.（1966），p.28.
[22]U.S.DEPT OF JUSTICE,“United States Attorney''s Manual（2003）”,available athttp://www.usdoj.gov/usao/eousa/foia-reading room/usam/index.html.last visited Nov.11,2009.
[23]See United States v.Isgro,751 F.Supp.846（S.D.Cal.1990）。
[24]Peter A.Joy,“the Relationship between Prosecutorial Misconduct and Wrongful Conviction:Shaping Remedies for a Broken System”,in 399 Wis.L.Rev.（2006），p.401.
[25]Adam M.Gershowitz,“Prosecutorial Shaming:Naming Attorneys to Reduce Prosecutorial Misconduct”,in 42 U.C.Davis L.Rev.（2008），p.1105.
[26]Peter A.Joy,“the Relationship between Prosecutorial Miseonduct and Wrongful Conviction:Shaping Remedies for a Broken System”,in 399 Wis.L.Rev.（2006），p.400.
[27]周长军著：《刑事裁量论——在划一性与个别化之间》，中国人民公安大学出版社2006年版，第360页。
[28]参见[美]迈克尔·D·贝勒斯著：《程序正义——向个人的分配》，邓海平译，高等教育出版社2005年版，第110页。
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