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【作者简介】 何海波，法学博士，清华大学法学院副教授。 【注释】本文写作过程中，曾先后与美国的郭汤姆（Thomas Kellogg）、贺诗礼（Jamie Horsley）、皮文睿（Randall Peerenboom）、马瑞欣（Neysun Mahboubi）、明克胜（Carl Minzner）、澳大利亚的陈建福、法国的鲍佳佳（Stéphanie Balme）、国务院法制办的张福、江澎涛、中国政法大学的谢立斌进行过讨论。本文的看法包含了他们的贡献，但所有的不当之处仍由本人负责。 海外学者探讨中国法律翻译的一个例子，见Marinus J. Meijer, “Problems of Translating the Marriage Law,” in Jerome A. Cohen (ed.), Contemporary Chinese Law: Research Problems and Perspectives, Harvard University Press, 1970 【1950年《婚姻法》第6条中“结婚应男女双方亲到所在地（区、乡）人民政府登记”中的“应”字如何翻译】。内地学者较早的探讨，见陈忠诚《法苑译谭》，中国法制出版社2000年。 例如，罗豪才主编《中国司法审查制度》，北京大学出版社1993年；Bing Song, “Assessing China''s System of Judicial Review of Administrative Actions,” 8 China L. Rep. 1 (1994-1999); Veron Mei Ying Hung, “China’s WTO on Independent Judicial Review: Impact on Legal and Political Reform,” 52 American Journal of Comparative Law 77 (2004). Susan Finder, “Like Throwing an Egg against a Stone: Administrative Litigation in the People''s Republic of China,” 3 Journal of Chinese Law 1 (1989); Pei Minxin, “Citizens vs. Mandarins: Administrative Litigation in China,” 152 China Quarterly 832 (1997); Pitman Potter, “The Administrative Litigation Law of the PRC: Judicial Review and Bureaucratic Reform,” in Pitman Potter (ed.), Domestic Law Reform in Post-Mao China (M. E. Sharpe, 1994), pp. 270-304; Kevin O’Brien & Li Lianjiang, “Suing the Local State: Administrative Litigation in Rural China,” 51 China Journal 75 (2004). 另见Stanley Lubman, pp.205-211; Randall Peerenboom, index; Zhang Fusen (ed.), p. 232; 阎铁毅等，chap.12. Stephen G. Wood & Liu Chong, “China''s Administrative Procedure Law: An English Translation with Comments,” 43 Admin. L. Rev. 89 (1991). 《布莱克法律辞典》对administrative procedure的解释，就是区别于司法过程的行政程序。Black’s Law Dictionary (5th ed.), p.43. Black’s Law Dictionary (5th ed.), p.43. Lin Feng, part 2 “administrative reconsideration”; Stanley Lubman, pp.212-214; Randall Peerenboom, index; Chen Jianfu, p.236; Zhang Fusen (ed.), pp.103-105; 阎铁毅等，chap. 12. Albert Hung-yee Chen (3rd ed.), pp.228-229; Sarah Biddulph, pp.318-325. Tobias Weiss, “Administrative Reconsideration: Some Recent Developments in New York,” 28 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1262 (1953); Daniel Bress, “Administrative Reconsideration,” 91 Va. L. Rev. 1737 (2005). Carl F.Minzner, “Xinfang: An Alternative to Formal Chinese Legal Institutions,” 42 Stan. J. Int’l L. 103 (2006), pp.109-110. Also see Matthew Bruckner, “The Paradox of Social Instability in China and the Role of the Xinfang System,” 4 Cambridge Student L. Rev. 92 (2008-2009). 在纪念改革开放30周年的大会上，胡锦涛总书记在讲话中提到“不动摇、不懈怠、不折腾”。其中的北方方言“不折腾”，虽然有很多译法，例如"don''t flip flop"、"Don''t get sidetracked"、"Don''t sway back and forth"、"avoid self-inflicted setbacks"，但还是现场翻译的"bu zhe teng"最为人熟悉和接受。韩咏红《折腾“不折腾”》，《联合早报》2009年1月2日。 Kevin O’Brien & Lianjiang Li, “The Politics of Lodging Complaints in Rural China,” 143 China Quarterly 756 (1995). Black’s Law Dictionary (5th ed.), p.1264, 989; 维基百科http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinance. 参见王珉灿《行政法概要》，法律出版社1983年，97页；应松年主编《行政行为法》，人民出版社1993年，1-7页；罗豪才主编《行政法学》，中国政法大学出版社1999年修订版，116-126页；叶必丰《行政行为的分类：概念重构抑或正本清源》，《政法论坛》2005年第5期；江必新《统一行政行为概念的必要性及其路径选择》，《法律适用》2006年第1期；宋功德《聚焦行政处理：行政法上“熟悉的陌生人”》，北京大学出版社2007年，15-21页。 Stephen G. Wood & Liu Chong; Albert Hung-yee Chen (3rd ed.), p.257. Lin Feng, p.130; Chen Jianfu, pp.223-225; Zhang Fusen (ed.), p. 73; 阎铁毅等, chap.5。 检索日期均为2010年8月15日。 De Smith, Judicial Review of Administrative Action (1st, Stevens & Sons, 1959; 4th, Stevens & Sons, 1980); Louis L. Jaffe, Judicial Control of Administrative Action (Little, Brown, 1965). 美国《联邦行政程序法》对“agency action”的定义是the whole or a part of an agency rule, order, license, sanction, relief, or the equivalent or denial thereof, or failure to act. 5 U.S.C., § 551, (13). Stephen G. Wood & Liu Chong; Stanley Lubman, p.213; Albert Hung-yee Chen (3rd ed.), p.257; Zhang Fusen (ed.), p. 233; 阎铁毅等，62、80页。 Lin Feng, p.130; Chen Jianfu, pp.223-225. Cai Dingjian, “Introduction to the Administrative Penalty Law of China,” 10 Columbia Journal of Asian Law 259 (1996); Lin Feng, index; Chen Jianfu, p.228-235; Zhang Fusen (ed.), p. 91; 阎铁毅等，chap.6。 Stanley Lubman, p.212; Albert Hung-yee Chen (3rd ed.), p.256, 261; Sarah Biddulph,, pp.260-264; Albert Hung-yee Chen (3rd ed.), p.256; Chen Jianfu, pp.228-235; Zhang Fusen (ed.), p. 73; Lester Ross, “Rethinking Government Approvals: The New Administrative Licensing Law,” 5 China Law & Practice 30 (2004). 《新汉英法学词典》，888页；Albert Hung-yee Chen (3rd ed.), p.256; 阎铁毅等，chap.7; Ying Songnian, “On Some Issue in the Legislation of Administrative Coercion Law,” Jurists Review 2006-3. Albert Hung-yee Chen (3rd ed.), p.227. Lin Feng, pp.39, 72; 阎铁毅等，116页。 Reginald Parker, “The Execution of Administrative Acts,” 24 U. Chi. L. Rev. 292 (1956-1957). Lin Feng, pp.38-39. 《新汉英法学词典》，883页；Lin Feng, pp.36-38. Zhang Fusen (ed.), pp.93-94. 1957年和1986年的《治安管理处罚条例》把公安机关作出治安处罚称为“裁决”，但2005年的《治安管理处罚法》改称“决定”。但也有一些法律、法规仍然在其它含义上使用“裁决”，例如《道路交通安全法》第111条关于对违反该法规定予以拘留的裁决、国务院对行政复议申请的裁决。 W. Wade & C. Forsyth, Administrative Law (8th ed.), Oxford University Press, 2000, “Part VIII Administrative Legislation and Adjudication”. 但需注意，英国的行政裁判所既裁判民事争议也裁判行政争议。 Zhang Fusen (ed.), pp.67-68; 阎铁毅等，36页。 李洪雷《德国行政法学中行政主体概念的探讨》，《行政法学研究》2000年第1期；张树义《行政主体研究》，《中国法学》2000年第2期；余凌云《行政主体理论之变革》，《法学杂志》2010年第8期。 Lin Feng, index; Chen Jianfu, p.253(转引); Pittam B. Potter(偶尔使用); Zhang Fusen (ed.), pp.69, 232-236; 阎铁毅等，38页。 国务院法制办官方网站http://www.chinalaw.gov.cn/article/english/。 用Google检索，包含“law enforcement officer”的页面达1,29万，包含“law enforcing officer”的只有12 700，不及前者1%。检索日期为2011年2月11日。 阎铁毅等，56页。 Maria Edin, “Remaking the Communist Party-State: The Cadre Responsibility System at the Local Level in China,” 1.1 China: An International Journal 1 (2003); Susan H. Whiting, “The Cadre Evaluation System at the Grass Roots: The Paradox of Party Rule,” in Barry J. Naughton & Dali L. Yang (eds.), Holding China Together: Diversity and National Integration in the Post-Deng Era, University of California, 2004; Carl F. Minzner, “Riots and Cover-Ups: Counterproductive Control of Local Agents in China,” 31 U. Penn. J. of Int’l L. 53 (2009). Albert Hung-yee Chen (3rd ed.), p.257. 《新汉英法学词典》，883页。 Randall Peerenboom, “Let One Hundred Flowers Bloom, One Hundred Schools Contend: Debating Rule of Law in China,” 23 Michigan J. of Int’l L. 471 (2002); “Competing Perceptions of Rule of Law in China,” in Randall Peerenboom (ed.), Asian Discourses on Rule of Law (RoutledgeCurzon, 2004). Ronald C. Keith, China‘s Struggle for the Rule of Law (St. Martin’s Press, 1994); Karen G. Turner et at (eds.), The Limits of the Rule of Law in China (University of Washington Press, 2000); Randall Peerenboom, China''s Long March toward Rule of Law (Cambridge University Press, 2002). The Information Office of the State Council, “China''s Efforts and Achievements in Promoting the Rule of Law,” February 2008，available at http://www.gov.cn/english/2008-02/28/content_904901.htm. Randall Peerenboom, “Ruling the Country in Accordance With Law: Reflection on the Rule and Role of Law in Contemporary China,” 11 (3) Cultural Dynamics 315 (1999). Chen Jianfu, p.62. Sarah Biddulph, pp.240-243; Zhang Fusen (ed.), p.67. The State Council, Outline for Promoting Law-based Administration in an All-round Way, trans. by Zhang Fu, etc, China Legal Publishing House, 2005. Zhang Fusen (ed.), p.67. The State Council, Outline for Promoting Law-based Administration in an All-round Way, trans. by Zhang Fu, etc, China Legal Publishing House, 2005. Randall Peerenboom, “A Government of Laws: Democracy, Rule of Law and Administrative Law Reform in the PRC,” 12 J. Contemp. China 45 (2003). |
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