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国际投资争端解决的法律化:成就与挑战

  

  比较健全客观的批评则认为,投资条约及其仲裁确实存在结构性失衡,因此,应该进行有效审查和调整。这种批评主张,投资条约本身对于投资者与东道国之间权利、义务和责任的规定存在结构性失衡,这种结构性失衡导致了一定程度上对于东道国国家主权权利和社会公众利益的强调不够和保护不力,对于公法规制争端及其裁判的公共性和公开性缺少考虑,但是,这并不是投资条约仲裁实践的问题。因此,应该首先审查和调整投资条约的规定本身。当然,投资条约仲裁的规定及其实践也存在自身的不足和缺陷,也需要予以调整和改革,不过,不能过分夸大这种不足和缺陷。即便国内裁判和其他国际裁判也都存在着不同程度的不确定性和不一致性,而且,投资条约仲裁是一个“勇敢新世界”,需要给以时间,应该允许一定的试错和完善过程,实际上,投资条约仲裁解释和适用投资条约的过程对于投资条约规则的确定性和一致性做出了重要贡献。尽管不乏激烈批判的声音,也有玻利维亚和厄瓜多尔退出ICSID公约体制和终止投资条约等个别实践,但是,目前的主流学说和国家实践并不否认投资条约及其仲裁的基本价值,而是不断积累经验,逐步予以完善。这种完善包括审查投资条约、更新投资条约范本、修改实体规则、澄清模糊规定、缩小保护范围、增加例外条款、规定上诉可能、开放仲裁程序、允许公众听讼、允许以“法庭之友”方式提交书面意见,等等。短期来看,通过国家、仲裁庭、学者之间渐进的、分散的、试错的、互动的改革和演进,投资条约及其仲裁将会逐步克服目前面临的挑战和合法性危机,不断增强独立性、公开性、一致性进而合法性,不断适应解决投资者与东道国之间投资条约公法规制争端的特殊要求。长远而言,在实体上进一步增加投资者的国际法义务与责任,[8](P490)在程序上建立一个统一常设的国际投资上诉机构(法院),[1](P1617-1625)进而建立一个具有多边原则、规范、规则和决策程序的投资公约体制,仍然是最重要的解决之道。投资条约仲裁尚处于它的幼年,正经历着“成长的烦恼”,如果投资条约仲裁想要兑现它的承诺,就必须发展实施各种机制,以促进对于公共利益的更大敏感性,并使裁决不一致的风险最小化,否则,投资者与国家间仲裁就将成为公众压力强烈反弹的牺牲品,从而,在它还没能够努力走出成长的烦恼之前就夭折了。[1](P1625)面向投资条约仲裁的未来,需要的是国家、国际组织、投资者、仲裁员、学者、公共知识人、非政府组织、社会公众等投资条约仲裁所涉各方共同的审慎和智慧。


【作者简介】
王彦志,吉林大学法学院副教授。
【注释】

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