论银行“太大不能倒”原则-法搜-中国法律信息搜索网

【作者简介】
伏军，单位为对外经济贸易大学。
【注释】See Michael Sisk, Too Big to Fail?, U. S. Banker, Nov. 2008,at 14; see also Yomarie Silva, The “TooBig to Fail” Doctrine and the Credit Crisis,28 Rev. Banking＆Fin. L. 115.
Gary Stern＆Ron Feldman, Too Big to Fail: The Hazards of Bank Bailouts,The Brookings InstitutionPress, (2004) , Chapter 2．实践中，“太大不能倒”的原则不仅适用大型银行，也适用于金融控股公司、银行控股公司、保险公司、对冲基金、股权基金等金融机构，但本文对该原则的讨论限于大型银行。
Ibid.,at16.
Ann Graham: Bringing to Heel the Elephants in the Economy: the Case for Ending“too Big to Fail”,8Pierce L. Rev. 117.
Clifford Chance LLP: FSA DISCUSSION PAPER 09/04:How to Regulate Banks Which are“Too Big toFail”1783 PLI/Corp, at 79,80.
美国众议院网站，http://thomas. loc. gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/D?d111: 6:. /temp/～bdXTdh: @ @ @D&summ2 ＝m&l/home/LegislativeData.php?n＝BSS;c＝ 1111,最后访问日期：2010年7月18日。
2009年12月11日美国众议院以223对202通过该法案，其中，223名民主党议员投赞成票，175名共和党议员投了反对票。见http://clerk.house.gov/evs /2009/ro1 1968.xml，最后访问日期：2010年7月16日。
See Robert A. Eisenbeis＆Larry D. Wall, The Major Supervisory Initiatives Post-FDICIA: Are TheyBased on the Goals of PCA? Should They Be?,in Prompt Corrective Action in Banking: 10 Years Later, George G.Kaufman ed.,Research in Fin. Servs.:Private＆Pub. Policy, Vol. 14, 2002,at 110.
Federal Deposit Insurance Act of 1950,§ 13(c),64 Stp. 873,888-89（current version at 12 U. S. C.S.§1823 (2008)）．
See Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp.,The First Fifty Years: A History of the FDIC 1933-1983（1984),ht-tp : // www. fdic. gov/bank/analytical/firstfifty/,最后访问日期：2010年6月2日。
John Cobbs,“When Companies Get Too Gig to Fail”,Business Week, Juanuary 27,1975,at 16.
Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp.,History of the Eighties-Lessons for the Future ch. 7（1997）,http : //www. fdic. gov/bank/historical/history/,最后访问日期:2010年6月2日。
Ibid.
Inquiry Into the Continental Illinois Corp. and Continental Illinois National Bank: Hearing Before theSubcommittee on Financial Institutions Supervision, Regulation, and Insurance of the Committee on Banking, Fi-nance and Urban Affairs,98-111. U. S. House of Representatives, 98th Cong.,2nd Session, 18-19 Septemberand 4 October.
12 U.S.C. § 1823(c) (4)（G)．See also Richard Scott Carnell, A Partial Antidote to Perverse Incen-tives:The FDIC Improvement Act of 1991,12 Ann. Rev. Banking L. 317,325（1993）．
12 U.S.C. § 1823(c)(4)（G）（i）．
Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, International Banking Conference Series, http://www. chicagofed.org/webpages/events/mternational_series. cfm,最后访问日期:2010年6月3日。
布什政府的7000亿美元不良资产救助计划（TARP）以及奥巴马政府8250亿美元经济刺激方案均向大型银行及金融机构提供了巨额财政补贴。
Supra note 2.chapter 5.
Ibid,at 12.
Supra note 5,at 80.
See Bd. of Governors of the Fed. Reserve Sys.,The Supervisory Capital Assessment Program: Designand Implementation (2009),http:// www. federal reserve. gov/newsevents/press/bcreg/bereg2009O424alpdf,最后访问日期：2010年3月3日。
See The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure,Paul A. Samuelson, The Review of Economics and Statistics,Vol. 36,No. 4（Nov,1954）,at 387-389.
参见宋海、任兆璋主编，《金融监管理论与制度》，华南理工大学出版社2006年版，页96。
See Rosa Maria Lastra,“Cross-border Bank Insolvency: Legal Implications in the Case of Banks Ope-rating in Different Jurisdictions in Latin America”,6 J. Int''l Econ. L. at 81．
“An Overview of the Legal,Institutional and Regulatory Framwork for Bank Insolvency”,IMF＆WB,April 17,2009.at16.
Robert R. Bliss, George G. Kaufman, U. S. Corporate and Bank Insolvency Regimes: A Comparison andEvaluation, 2 Va. L.＆Bus. Rev. at 153,154.
See Fed. Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Policy Studies:Too Big to Fail, http://www. minneapolisfed.org/publications_ papers/studies/tbtf/tbtf. cfm,最后访问日期：2010年7月16日。
Supra note 5,at 79,80.
参见美国参议院银行、住房与城市事务委员会官方网站：http:// banking. senate. gov/public/_files/inancialReformSummary231510FINAL. pdf,最后访问日期：2010年7月16日。
Supra note 2,at 25.
Supra note 5,at 80.
Dean Baker＆Travis McArthur, Ctr. for Econ.＆Policy Research, The Value of the “Too Big to Fail”Big Bank Subsidy 2 （2009）;see also Gretchen Morgenson, Fair Game:The Cost of Saving Those Whales,N.YTimes,Oct. 3,2009,at BU1.
Ibid.
Supra note 2,at 27
Following the Money: Report of the Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program（SIGTARP）:Hearing before the H. Comm. on Oversight＆Gov''t Reform, 111th Cong. 2（2009),http..//over-sight. house. gov/index. php? option ＝ com_content&task ＝ view&id ＝ 2779&Itemid ＝ 2,最后访问日期：2010年7月16日。
David Cho, Banks “Too Big to Fail” Have Grown Even Bigger, Wash. Post, Aug. 28,2009,at A01.
Richard W．Fisher, President, Fed. Reserve Bank of Dallas,I''wo Areas of Present Concern: The Eco-nomic Outlook and the Pathology of Too-Big-to-Fail, Remarks before the Senior Delegates'' Roundtable of theFixed Income Forum (July 23, 2009),http:// dallasfed. org/news/speeches/fisher/2009/fs090723. cfm,最后访问日期：2010年7月16日。
See Kenneth D. Jones＆Chau Nguyen, Increased Concentration in Banking: Megabanks and TheirImplications for Deposit Insurance,14 Fin. Markets,Institutions＆Instruments 1 , 2（2005）．
Regulating and Resolving Institutions Considered“Too big to Fail”:Hearing Before the S. Comm.on Banking, Hous.＆Urban Affairs,111th Cong. 6（2009）,http://www. minneapolisfed. org/news_events/pres/sterntestimony05 - 06 - 09. pdf,最后访问日期：2010年7月16日。
Supra note 2,at 27.
Ibid, at 28.
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision,“Supervisory Lessons to Be Drawn from the Asian Crisis”,Working Paper 2. Basel, June, at57, http : //www. bis. org/publ/bcbs_wp2. pdf? noframes＝1,最后访问日期：2010年7月16日。
See Ben S. Bernanke, Chairman, Bd. of Governors of the Fed. Reserve Sys.,Financial Regulation andSupervision After the Crisis:The Role of the Federal Reserve, Address at the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston 54thEconomic Conference（Oct. 23,2009）,http:／／ www. federalreserve. gov/newsevents/speech/bernanke20091023 a.htm,最后访问日期：2010年7月16日。
Supra note 2,at 20.
Wall Street Reform And Consumer Protection Act, Title II-Orderly Liquidation Authority. http://thomas.loc. gov/cgi - bin/cpquery/R? cp111: FLD010:1(hr517 ),最后访问日期：2010年7月19日。
Supra note 2．at 19.
Supra note 46,Title Viii-Payment, Clearing, And Settlement Supervision.
Ibid, Title II.
Dodd Statement on Walls Street Reform Conference,http://banking. senate. gov/public/index. cfm?FuseAction＝Newsroom. PressReleases&ContentRecord＿id＝6eb3db3b-a672-fc05-17a2-35abd1c333c9,最后访问日期：2010年7月16日。
2010年6月29日，美国国会参众两院代表就各自版本的金融监管改革法案达成立法妥协。根据参众两院联席委员会敲定的最终方案，向银行收取190亿美元费用的条款将从金融改革法案中去除，实施该法案所带来的成本将从财政部不良资产救助计划（TARP)中提取资金支付，同时联邦存款保险公司（FDIC）要求风险性高的大型银行支付更多费用。
Carrie Johnson, Businesses Prepare to Mount a Concerted Attack on Regulation, Wash. Post, Mar.12,2007,at A02.
Stephen A. Rhoades, Bd. of Governors of the Fed. Reserve Sys.,Staff Study 174,Bank Mergersand Banking Structure in the United States,1980-98（2000）,at 1,http://www. federalreserve.gov/pubs/staffstudies/2000-present/ss174. pdf,最后访问日期：2010年7月18日。