但是,由于重整程序需要债权人作出一定妥协,且成本较高,一旦重整失败,反而不利于债权人保护。正如美国学者波斯纳指出:公司重整并非灵丹妙药,不仅因为对公司进行司法估价是一种值得注意的错误。另一个问题是,在清算中将丧失工作的经理和在清算中将不可能取得任何东西的小债权人都会在即使清算使财产更有价值时也要使公司生存下去。如果重整能使股东在重整企业中得到很小的股本利益,他们也会对重整感兴趣。因为,重整对他们来说是一个没有任何损失的建议。如果重整企业赢利了,他们就可以分得利润;如果它失败了,全部损失就落到了债权人身上。[16]而且,银行发生财务危机时,银行监管机构会介入,对银行采取整顿及接管措施。如果穷尽了各种行政手段后再进行司法重整,实际上重整成功的希望已然不大,反而会造成制度资源的浪费。
因此,我国在设计银行破产制度时,宜将挽救破产银行的行政手段与司法重整有机地结合起来,把稳定化措施设置为银行破产重整的前置程序。在启动银行破产重整程序前,由监管机构通过私人部门收购或桥银行的方式,将破产银行的部分财产或股份转让出去,以转让所得对存款人先行支付,然后就银行剩余的部分(“剩余银行”)进行司法重整。这样既降低了银行重整的压力与成本,同时也可以提高通过重整程序避免银行破产清算的制度成效。
【作者简介】
周泽新,中国社会科学院法学研究所。
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