五、展望
在过去二十多年间,欧盟私法的统一成为学界最热衷讨论的话题之一。统一民法典的出台成为多数学者的梦想。然而,由于
合同法与商业交易的更紧密联系,欧盟私法的统一更多集中于
合同法的融合之上。而对
物权法的统一则体现于三项指令及一项规则当中。可见,相比于
合同法而言,
物权法的统一如同沧海一粟。但是由于欧盟内部市场经济发展的需要,欧盟私法的广泛统一成为当前的必然趋势。物权作为传统民法体系中最重要的权利之一,成为私法的一个重要组成部分。经济的发展与私法的广泛统一客观上要求欧盟对
物权法的融合。
近年来,人的基本权利的保护一直成为现代私法发展的主要方向之一,财产权作为人与生俱来的一项权利,应当得到充分的保障。在这样的背景下,欧盟民法典草案突破了《欧共体条约》不损害各成员国财产体系的阻碍,将
物权法的统一纳入到草案的范围之内。可以说该草案是一部较为先进的民法典草案。其中的
物权法编充分的体现了欧盟各成员国物权法体系的共同原则,如信息公开原则、物权法定原则的重述;同时草案也融入了现代
物权法的最新发展成果,如
信托法的统一等等。可以说,该
物权法编是一部较为先进的
物权法草案,体现了现代私法的发展方向。然而,由于欧盟在私法的统一上并不能损害各成员国的公共政策,且应当充分尊重各国多元的法律文化等因素,该草案对
物权法的统一仍然非常有限。这就注定了草案并不能够满足未来欧盟经济发展的需求。值得重复的是,欧盟民法典草案虽然提交至欧盟委员会,但是最后是否会被采纳、以何种形式赋予其效力等等问题,我们仍需拭目以待!
【作者简介】
付俊伟,北京理工大学法学院教师。 Jan Smits,荷兰马斯特里赫特大学法学院教授。
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