3.船货双方会更加积极举证
如何让船货双方积极举证,进而了解事实真相,一直是诉讼法所追求的。但无论是“瓦里斯库拉原则”还是美国1999年COGSA,都根本无法达到这个追求。
根据“瓦里斯库拉原则”,因混合原因致货物毁损时赔偿责任是由承运人来区分的,若无法区分,则承运人应当对全部货损承担责任。那么,当货损一部分是由承运人可免责的原因造成的,一部人是由承运人不可免责的原因造成的,因承运人无法区分原因所致的损失,则要承担全部责任,将导致承运人在举证责任方面的消极不作为。特别是当货损的一部分是由于托运人或收货人的过错所致时,此时仍由承运人承担区分货损比例的举证责任,显然是更不合理的。这是因为在实务中,这种责任比例往往很难划分,要求承运人承担区分货损比例的举证责任,尤其是《汉堡规则》要求承运人举证不同原因致货物毁损的数额,无疑等于直接确定承运人对因托运人、收货人的过错所致的货损担负赔偿责任。如此一来,举证与否,承运人皆负全部赔偿责任,承运人只能选择消极举证,那么我们了解事实真相的目标也就很难达到。
美国1999年COGSA在同样情况下,选择更打五十大板,如前所述,这不仅进一步偏离了公平合理分摊损失的目标,而且在某种程度上有益于承运人利益,那么,为了维护这种投机利益,承运人非但不提供证据,甚至会提供使责任更加不清的证据,由此,了解事实真相就只能成为一种奢谈。
相比之下,《鹿特丹规则》摒弃了“瓦里斯库拉原则”,坚持己责己负,不仅促使承运人更加谨慎处理使船适航,倍加履行管货义务,而且在出现纠纷后,承运人和索赔人都会积极提供全部证据。由此一来,了解事实真相的目标也就越来越近了。
【作者简介】
陈敬根,北京昂道律师事务所大连分所任职。
【注释】
整个航程为23天,委员会指出在整个航程中,保持舱口和通风口开放的只有170个小时,适当关闭通风的有144个小时,而不适当关闭的有238个小时。
该举证责任分配与顺序缓解了《汉堡规则》下的苛刻的推定过失责任制,且可操作性较强,但因规定得太繁烦而受到学界的批判,如朱曾杰认为,其“规定方式迥异”“让人费解”。
这意味着,在承运人提不出免责事项时,若承运人提出证据证明其不存在过失,则承运人就不承担赔偿责任。承运人提出的证据包括其履行了《鹿特丹规则》第11条交货义务、第13条管货义务、第14条适航义务及第15条合法处理危险货物和第16条合法牺牲货物。索赔人可对承运人的上述证据提出反驳,由此,举证才可继续PK下去。
《鹿特丹规则》没有“合理绕航”的词语,而是用“如果绕航根据适用的法律构成违反承运人义务的……”来表达绕航的合理性。
The commissioner, after hearing evidence, found that it was impossible to ascertain how much of the damage was due to want of ventilation in fair weather and how much to want of it in bad. But, after comparing the periods during which the ventilators were negligently closed with those during which they were open or properly closed, he stated: ''''It would seem, therefore, that the greater part of the damage must have been due to improper shutting of the hatches and ventilators.'''' He concluded that as the vessel had failed to show what part of the damage was due to bad weather, the petitioner should recover the full amount of the damage. The District Court, accepting the report of the commissioner as presumably correct, as required by Admiralty Rule 43 1/2, 286 U.S. 572 (28 USCA § 723), found no basis for rejecting its conclusions and gave judgment to libelants accordingly. See THE VALLESCURA. United States Supreme Court.December 3, 1934. 55 S.Ct. 194; 293 U.S. 296; 79 L.Ed. 373.