（四）环境合作的重要性及其开展
欧盟环境法治实际上是区域环境合作的高级形式，成员国间的环境合作是超国家环境法律合法性与约束力的根源。最初环境保护政策都是以合作为基础的：在审议第一个共同体环境规划时，以法国为代表的部分参与国主张，欧共体应当是政府间合作的一种形式，不需要条约依据。因此，第一次规划采取了联合宣言的形式。同样地，即便可能对内部市场运行产生直接影响，有关各国通知委员会国内环境措施的协定也只是君子协定，并无法律效力。这种“合作式”的环境保护政策与法律贯穿了1973、1974直至1975年，主要是1974年7月20日《对1973年协定的补充协定》[38]、1974年3月3日《能源与环境决议》[39]、1975年3月3日《有关成本分配及公共机关对环境问题行动的建议》[40]等一系列环境法律文件。
即使基本条约依据确立后，欧盟环境法仍不能摆脱环境合作的内核：辅助性原则、比例性原则等基本法治原则说明，在一些情况下，成员国的合意是欧盟环境法获得合法性与有效性的前提；欧盟法的顺利实施离不开成员国的合作；各成员国间不同的环境保护水平、意识、态度与技术的协调要求成员国的合作；欧盟地理与生态的特性导致跨界环境问题时有发生，解决的关键仍是成员国的共识。
这对我国尤其具有借鉴意义。首先，在某种程度上，我国环境法治的实现也是立法者、执法者、司法者、民众或组织之间相互制约，彼此合作的过程。任何参与方之间就环境问题与环境保护的摩擦都不利于问题的解决，因此，应通过商谈达成共识，建立对话机制，搭建合作的平台；其次，在环境保护问题上，国家与地方间也应秉持合作的态度，在立法与法的运行中相互配合、互为补充，将全国环境保护水平维持在一个整体水平的前提下，鼓励对环境问题的地方性关注与解决；再次，对某些跨界的局部性环境问题，如流域生态补偿、跨界污染甚至是污染转移，应当形成长效机制，促成各方谈判，例如，对于流域生态补偿问题，可以由流域管理机关、各牵涉区域的环境、资源、财政等部门、作为给益者与受益者的公众与环境保护组织、企业及其他利益相关者遴选出的代表组成委员会，设定运行制度，实现环境合作。
【作者简介】
王欢欢，女，安徽砀山人，武汉大学法学院博士研究生，主要研究方向是环境法基本理论。
【参考文献】[1] 见《欧洲联盟条约》第2条，但是，条约并没有对可持续发展的具体含义做界定。
[2] 后两者由第五次EAP设立，为非正式机构。
[3] Decision No. 1600/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 July 2002.
[4] 原因在于前五个行动规划都在1992年马斯特里赫特条约之前通过。自1993年起，欧盟基本条约就确立了环境行动规划的法律地位，并要求理事会采取必要措施执行规划。见Article 175 (3)。
[5] Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Region on the Mid-term Review of the Sixth Community Environment Action Programme. {SEC(2007)546} {SEC(2007)547}
[6] Response statistics for “Internet Consultation on Mid-term Review of the 6th Environment Action Program”.
[7] Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage，Brussels, 10 March 2004，OJ L143, P 56.
[8] Commission, Communication on EU policies and measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions: Towards a European Climate Change Program (ECCP) EU policies and measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, COM (2000) 88.
[9] OJL 130, P1
[10] Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community, (OJ L 275, 25.10.2003, p. 32–46).
[11] Directive 2001/77 on the promotion of electricity produced for renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market (2001) OJ L 283, P 33.
[12] Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport, OJ 2003 L123, P42
[13] Regulation 842/2006 on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases, OJ2006 L161, P1
[14] Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on persistent organic pollutants and amending Directive 79/117/EEC, (OJ L 158, 30.4.2004, p. 7–49).
[15] OJ L 396, 30.12.2006, p. 1–849
[16] Regulation (EC) No 689/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 concerning the export and import of dangerous chemicals, (OJ L 204, 31.7.2008, p. 1–35).
[17] Directive 2002/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 March 2002 on the establishment of rules and procedures with regard to the introduction of noise-related operating restrictions at Community airports, (OJ L 85, 28.3.2002, p. 40–46).
[18] Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 June 2002 relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise, (OJ L 189, 18.7.2002, p. 12–25)
[19] Directive 2006/93/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the regulation of the operation of aeroplanes covered by Part II, Chapter 3 , Volume 1 of Annex 16 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, second edition (1988), (OJ L 374, 27.12.2006, p. 1–4).
[20] Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy, (OJ L 164, 25.6.2008, p. 19–40).
[21] Directive 2006/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 on the quality of fresh waters needing protection or improvement in order to support fish life, (OJ L 264, 25.9.2006, p. 20–31).
[22] Council Regulation (EC) No 708/2007 of 11 June 2007 concerning use of alien and locally absent species in aquaculture, (OJ L 168, 28.6.2007, p. 1–17).
[23] Commission Regulation (EC) No 811/2008 of 13 August 2008 suspending the introduction into the Community of specimens of certain species of wild fauna and flora, (OJ L 219, 14.8.2008, p. 17–39).
[24] 主要是第2条，第6条，第174－176条作为数百项环境立法的基础，这些条文显得过于单薄。
[25] Ludwig Kramer, EC Environmental Law (Six Edition), London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2007, P 449.
[26] 这一策略最初出现于1991年爱丁堡首脑会议，90年代中期至普罗迪委员会（1999－2004）做过相关努力。
[27] OJ1976, L129, P3
[28] Council Resolution of 7 Feb. 1983, OJ 1983, C46 P 17
[29] Commission, SEC (93) 785 of June 1993
[30] Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy, (OJ L 164, 25.6.2008, p. 19–40).
[31] OJ 1990 L156, P 58
[32] OJ 2003, L41, P26
[33] OJ1993, L341 P1
[34] OJ1994, L46, P58
[35] OJ1993, L340 P43
[36] OJ 2001, L145, P43
[37] OJ2006, L264, P25
[38] OJ(1973), C 86/1
[39] OJ(1975), C 168/2
[40] OJ(1975), L 194/1
