欧盟学者自上世纪七十年代就曾提出过“统一民法典”这一设想，于80年代初将此梦想付诸于实际行动，其开创性的举措就是对
合同法进行了统一。而九十年代中期以来，法律文化、价值观多样性的提出打破了一部统一民法典的梦想。于是，在尊重法律文化多样性的同时，探索一条欧盟私法统一的道路成为欧洲法学界的议题。在二十多年的摸索中，欧盟民法典构建的设想也逐渐走向成熟。
2003年欧盟委员会正式提出了《共同参照框架》的起草，推动了欧盟私法统一的发展。为响应官方号召，“欧盟民法典研究小组”和“欧盟现行私法研究小组”着手开始准备这部《共同参照框架》。历经四年的起草，第一部分阶段性成果于2007年底提交至欧盟，最终草案也于2008年底提交完毕。然而，这部《共同参照框架草案》远远超出了欧盟对构建一套统一私法术语和合同法规则的要求，将侵权法、不当得利、动产所有权和转让等相关内容全部起草完毕，在学界普遍称之为“民法典草案”。当今起草组成员试图推动欧盟赋予该草案可由当事人选择适用的效力。虽然欧盟对这部民法典草案的适用形式和范围还未确定，但是草案充分吸收了欧盟现有私法统一的成果，继承了《欧盟
合同法原则》的主要内容。在此基础上，为当代欧盟经济的发展重述了一些欧盟各成员国最普遍适用的新规则，融入了现代私法的“人权保护”等理念。可以说，这部民法典草案是一部先进的、具有时代意义的民法典。然而，由于欧盟权力范围的局限性，该草案尽管远远超出了欧盟最初要求覆盖的领域范围，但是相比于其成员国民法典来说，在立法技术与调整范围内仍然有着不足之处。那么，欧盟民法典草案最终对欧盟私法的发展会带来什么样的影响？最终会以何种形式被采用？我们仍需拭目以待！
后记：
该篇文章完成前后都得到梁慧星教授的指导，在此向梁教授表示由衷的感谢。在对“欧盟民法典”、“欧盟
合同法原则”、“欧盟法院”等等这些术语进行翻译时，也曾与梁老师探讨过是用“欧盟”还是“欧洲”更为合适。由于过去国内的翻译都是直接使成“欧洲
合同法原则”、“欧洲法院”等等，再三斟酌后，决定还是使用“欧盟”这一翻译更为准确。虽然Principles of European Contract Law，European Court of Justice在直译上应当为“欧洲
合同法原则”、“欧洲法院”，但是对于非欧洲学者来说，“欧洲”一词可能容易造成理解上的不准确，因为这些法律和机构效力上都只适用于欧盟成员国，而并非所有欧洲国家。或许是由于欧盟学者期待这些法律或者欧盟机构今后效力上都能扩大到整个欧洲领域，所以术语上使用了“欧洲”而非“欧盟”。但是对于外国学者来说，翻译上使用“欧盟”更容易准确的理解。正如我国合同法，在西方国家的论述中，有很多学者也习惯的加上“mainland China”（中国大陆）字样，以使其国内读者更准确了解“中国
合同法”仅适用于中国大陆。
【作者简介】
付俊伟，（1984年- ），系荷兰蒂尔堡大学法学院博士候选人 （Doctoral Candidate），现为美国华盛顿大学法学院访问学者（Visiting Scholar）、客座研究人员（Invited Fellow），蒂尔堡民法与争议机制多学科研究所（TISCO）研究人员（Researcher），蒂尔堡国际与比较法研究所（TICOM）客座研究人员（Invited Fellow）；研究方向：
合同法、欧盟私法、比较法。
【注释】 Perter A.J. van den Berg， The Politics of European Codification: A History of the Unification of Law in France， Prussia， the Austrian Monarchy and the Netherlands， Europa Law Publishing， 2007， 13-34.
Rene David， Henry P. de Vries， The French Legal System: An Introduction to Civil Law System， Oceana Publications， 1958， pp. 9-16.
John H. Crabb， The French Civil Code， Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers， pp. xx-xxiv.
罗马法后期采用意思主义观点有所争议，也有学者提出罗马法后期并未采用意思主义，也并未保护当事人的内心意思，而是基于“道德”上的考虑。
当今比利时仍适合拿破仑民法典，但是立法和案例法对原法典有所修改；荷兰民法典于1838年颁布，但只在拿破仑民法典基础上进行了简单的修改。参见： R.C.van Caenegem， An Historical Introduction to Private Law， Cambridge University Press， 1992， pp.1-2.
Catherine Elliott， Eric Jeapierre， Catherine Vernon， French Legal System， Person Longman， 2006， pp. 1-14.
Rudolf Huebner， A History Germanic Private Law， Norwood Press， 1918， pp. xliii-l.
J.Zekoll， M. Reimann， An Introduction to German Law， Kluwer Law International， 2005， pp. 2-3.
B.S. Markesinis， W. Lorenz， G. Dannemann， The German Law of Obligations， Volume 1， The Law of Contracts and Restitution: A Comparative Introduction， Clarendon press， 1997， pp. 9-13.
意大利民法典于1942年重新颁布，波兰民法典于1966年重新颁布，荷兰民法典于1992年重新颁布。
Ewan McKendrick， Traditional Concepts and Contemporary Values， European Review of Private Law， Vol. 10， 2001， p. 95.
Ewoud Hondius， European Private Law- Survey 2000-2002， European Review of Private Law， Vol. 10， 2002， pp. 865-866.
Horst Eidenmuller， Florian Faust， Hans Christoph Grigoleit， Nils Jansen， Gerhard Wagner， Reinhard Zimmermann， The Common Frame of References for European Private Law: Policy Choices and Codification Problems， Modern Law Review， vol. 71， 2008， p. 506.
Walter van Gerven， The ECJ Case-law as a Means of Unification of Private Law? Arthur Hartkamp， Martijn Hesselink， Ewoud Hondius， Carla Joustra， Edgar du Perron， Muriel Veldman， Towards a European Civil Code， 2004， Kluwer Law International， pp. 101-125.
Jens Karsten， Ali R. Sinai， The Action Plan on European Contract Law: Perspectives for the future of European Contract Law and EC Consumer Law， Journal of Consumer Policy， Vol. 2003， pp. 159-165.
Council Directive 84/450/EEC of 10 September 1984 relating to the approximation of the laws， regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning misleading advertising.
Council Directive 85/374/EEC of 25 July 1985 on the approximation of the laws， regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning liability for defective products.
Christian von Bar， Working Together Toward a Common Frame of Reference， Juridica International， Vol. X， 2005， pp.17-20.
Jan Smits， The Future of European Contract Law: On Diversity and the Temptation of Elegance， The paper was presented at the Conference Towards a European Ius Commune in Legal Education and Research， Maastricht Faculty of Law， 25-26 October， 2001， p. 4.
Simone Leitner Case， Case C – 168/00， ECR I-2631.
Council Directive 90/314/EEC of 13 June 1990 on package travel， package holidays and package tours.
Jan Smits， The Future of European Contract Law: On Diversity and the Temptation of Elegance， The paper was presented at the Conference Towards a European Ius Commune in Legal Education and Research， Maastricht Faculty of Law， 25-26 October， 2001， p. 1-8.
Klaus-Heiner Lehne， Perspectives of European Private Law， ERA Forum， Vol. 3， 2002， p.87.
P.S. Atiyah， An Introduction to the Law of Contract， Clarendon Press， pp. 1-5.
Bernardo Perinan， A Romanistic Approach on Unified European Private Law， Roman Law Society of America， Roman Legal Tradition， Vol. 1， 2002， p. 109.
Resolution of the European Parliament on action to bring into line the private law of the Member States of 26.06.1989， O.J. EC 1989 C 158/400.
Resolution of the European Parliament on the harmonization of certain sectors of the private law of the Member States of 25.07.1994， O.J. EC 1994 C 205/518.
Ole Lando & Hugh Beale， Principles of European Contract Law: Parts I and II， Kluwer Law International， 2000， p. xi.
Peter A. J. van den Berg， The Politics of European Codification: A History of the Unification of Law in France， Prussia， the Austrian Monarchy and the Netherlands， Europa Law Publishing， 2005， p. 3.
Danny Busch， Ewoud H. Hondius， Hugo J. van Kooten， Harriet N. Schelhaas， Wendy M. Schrama， The Principles of European Contract Law and Dutch Law: A Commentary， Kluwer Law International， 2002， p. 15.
Hans-W. Micklitz， The Principles of European Contract Law and the Protection of the Weaker Party， Journal of Consumer Policy， Vol. 27， 2004， pp. 337-341.
Martijn W. Hesselink， Gerard J.P. de Vries， Principles of European Contract Law， Kluwer， 2001， pp. 12-65.
Jens Karsten， Gosta Petri， Towards a Handbook on European Contract Law and Beyond: The Commission''s 2004 Communication “European Contract Law and the Revision of the Acquis: The Way Forward”， Journal of Consumer Policy， Vol. 28， 2005， p. 40.
Brian A. Blum， Amy C. Bushaw， Contracts: Cases， Discussions and Problems， Aspen Publishers， 2002， pp. 9-10.
Luisa Antoniolli， Anna Veneziano， Principles of European Contract Law and Italian Law， Kluwer Law International， 2005， pp. 11-15.
Ewoud Hondius， Finding the Law in a New Millennium: Prospects for the Development of Civil Law in the European Union， Mauro Bussani & Ugo Mattei， The Common Core of European Private Law， Kluwer Law International， 2003， pp. 79-96.
Ole Lando and Hugh Beale， Principles of European Contract Law， Parts I and II， Kluwer Law International， 2000， p. xxii.
Stefan Grundmann， General Clauses and Standards in European Contract law: Comparative law， EC Law， and Contract Law Codification， Kluwer Law International， 2006， pp. 16-32.
Ewoud Hondius， Towards a European Civil Code， Arthur Hartkamp， Martijn Hesselink， Ewoud Hondius， Carla Joustra， Edgar du Perron， Muriel Veldman， Towards a European Civil Code， Kluwer Law International， 2004， p. 4.
Principles， Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) Interim Outline Edition， european law publishers， 2008， p. 24.
European Council of Tampere， 15/16.10.1999， Presidency Conclusion， paragraph 39: “As regards substantive law， an overall study is requested on the need to approximate Member States'' legislation in civil matters in order to eliminate obstacles to the good functioning of civil proceedings. The Council should report back by 2001.”
Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on European Contract Law of 11.7.2001， COM (2001) 398 final， O.J. EC 2001 C 255/1.
Id， pp. 13-19.
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council， A More Coherent European Contract Law， An Action Plan， COM (2003)， 68 final， p. 4.
Id， pp. 4-5.
Id.
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council， A More Coherent European Contract Law， An Action Plan， COM (2003) 68 final.
Id， p. 15.
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council of 11.10.2004 – European Contract Law and the revision of the acquis: the way forward， COM (2004) 651 final.
Jens Karsten， Gosta Petri， Towards a Handbook on European Contract Law and Beyond: The Commission''s 2004 Communication “European Contract Law and the Revision of the Acquis: The Way Forward”， Journal of Consumer Policy， Vol. 28， 2005， p. 32.
Thomas Wilhelmsson， Social Contract Law and European Integration， Aldershot: Dartmouth， 1995， pp. 5-23.
Christian Elisabeth Cornelis Jansen， Towards a European Building Contract law: Defects Liability: A Comparative Legal Analysis of English， German， French， Dutch and Belgian Law， Schoordijk Instituut， 1998， pp. 12-43.
Martijn W. Hesselink， The Politics of a European Civil Code， Kluwer Law International， 2006， p. 4.
Principles， Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) Interim Outline Edition， european law publishers， 2008， p. 37.
Roy Goode， Contract and Commercial Law: The Logic and Limits of Harmonisation， 2003 METRO， Institute for Transnational Legal Research， pp. 10-13.
Hein Kotz， Axel Flessner， European Contract Law: Formation， Validity， and Content of Contracts; Contract and Third Parties， Clarendon Press， 1997， p. v-vi.
Martin J. Doris， Dispute Avoidance and European Contract Law Dealing with Divergence， European Law Publishing， 2008， pp. 5-32.
Helmut Wagner， Economic Analysis of Cross-Boarder Legal Uncertainty: The Example of the European Union， Jan Smits， The Need for a European Contract Law: Empirical and Legal Perspectives， Europa Law Publishing， 2005， pp. 27-44.
Martijn W. Hesselink， Gerard J.P. de Vries， Principles of European Contract Law， Kluwer International， 2001， pp. 8-42.
Wouter Snijders， Building A European Contract Law: Five Fallacies and Two Castles in Spain， European Journal of Contract Law， Vo. 7， 2003， pp. 3-6.
Id， pp. 6-9.
Christoph U. Schmid， Legitimacy Conditions for a European Civil Code， European University Institute， pp. 6-21.
Ewoud Hondius， The protection of the Weaker Party in a Harmonised European Contract Law: A Synthesis， Journal of Consumer Policy， Vol. 27， 2004， pp. 245-251.
Grant Gilmore， The Death of Contract， Columbus: Ohio State University Press， 1974， pp. 1-25.
Brigitta Lurger， The Future of European Contract Law between Freedom of Contract， Social Justice， and Market Ratioonality， European Review of Contract Law， Vol. 1， 2005， pp. 442-468.
Ewoud Hondius， European Private Law-Survey 2000-2002， European Review of Private Law， Vol. 6， 2002， pp. 866-890.
Jan Smits， The Making of European Private Law: toward a Ius Commune European as a mixed legal system， Intersentia: Antwerp， 2002， pp. 59-71.
Martijn W. Hesselink， The New European Private Law: Essays on the future of Private Law in Europe， Kluwer Law International， 2002， pp. 11-28.
James Gordley， An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Private Law: Readings， Cases， Materials， Cambridge University Press， 2006， pp. 5-45.
James Gordley， The Enforceability of Promise in European Contract Law， Cambridge University Press， 2001， p. 5-12.
Ewoud Hondius， Towards a European Civil Code， Arthur Hartkamp， Martijn Hesselink， Ewoud Hondius， Carla Joustra， Edgar du Perron， Muriel Veldman， Towards a European Civil Code， Kluwer Law International， 2004， pp. 7-8.
Jacques Ziller， The Legitimacy of the Codification of Contract Law in the View of the Allocation of Competences between the European Union and its Member States， Martijn Hesselink， The Politics of a European Civil Code， pp. 89-113.
Article 100， Treaty establishing the European Economic Community， 1957.
Article 100a， Treaty establishing the European Economic Community， 1957.
Martijn W. Hesselink， Jacobien W. Rutgers， Tim de Booys， The legal basis for an optional instrument on European Contract Law， Center for the study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series， vol. 04， 2007， pp. 6-7.
Stefano Rodota， The Civil Code within the European ''Constitutional Process‘， Martijn Hesselink， The Politics of a European Civil Code， pp. 115-124.
Eric Clive， The Principles of European Law and Draft European Civil Code: Some Observations on Drafting， Santiago Espiau， Bases of a European Contract Law， Tirant lo Blanch， 2003， pp. 543-576.
Pierre Legrand， Against a European Civil Code， Modern Law Review， Vol. 60， 1997， pp. 44-64; European Legal Systems are not converging， International Comparative Law Quarterly， 1996， pp. 52-70.
Mark van Hoecke and Francois Ost， The Harmonisation of European Private Law， Hart Publishing， 2000， pp. 5-11.
Guido Alpa， The Future of European Contract Law: Some Questions and Some Answers， Katharina Boele-Woelki， Willem Grosheide， The Future of European Contract Law: Essay in Honor of Ewoud Hondius， Western Europe， pp.3-18.
Ewoud Hondius， European Private Law-Survey 2000-2002， European Review of Private Law， Vol. 6， 2002， pp. 866-870.
Id， pp. 866-879.
Mark van Hoecke， The Harmonisation of Private Law in Europe: Some Misunderstandings， Mark van Hoecke & Francois Ost， The Harmonisiation of European Private Law， Hart Publishing， 2000， p. 1.
Reinhard Zimmermann， Roman Law and the Harmonisatin of Private Law in Europe， Arthur Hartkamp， Martijn Hesselink， Ewoud Hondius， Carla Joustra， Edgar du Perron， Muriel Veldman， Towards a European Civil Code， Kluwer Law International， 2004， pp. 21-42.
Id.
James Gordley， The Philosophical Origins of Modern Contract Doctrine， Oxford Press， 1992， pp. 30-32.
Id.
James Gordley， The Enforceability of Promise in European Contract Law， Cambridge University Press， 2001， pp. 8-17.
Reinhard Zimmermann， Roman Law and the Harmonisatin of Private Law in Europe， Arthur Hartkamp， Martijn Hesselink， Ewoud Hondius， Carla Joustra， Edgar du Perron， Muriel Veldman， Towards a European Civil Code， Kluwer Law International， 2004， pp. 21-42.
共同法研究院（Ius Commune Research School），成立于1995年，由荷兰马斯特里赫特大学、比利时鲁汶大学、荷兰乌特勒支大学和阿姆斯特丹大学共同组建。于1998年受到荷兰皇家人文与科学学院认可。该院目前有研究人约230人和博士研究人员130人，都来自于欧洲各国法学院。其主要目的在于研究中世纪共同法，研究项目分两部分。第一部分研究“共同法与私法”，第二部分则研究“共同法与公法”。参见：
www.iuscommune.eu。
Walter van Gerven， The ECJ Case-law as a means of Unification of Private Law?， Arthur Hartkamp， Martijn Hesselink， Ewoud Hondius， Carla Joustra， Edgar du Perron， Muriel Veldman， Towards a European Civil Code， Kluwer Law International， 2004， pp. 101-124.
Martijn W. Hesselink， Gerard J.P. de Vries， Principles of European Contract Law， Kluwer， 2001， pp. 21-43.
Communication on European Contract Law: Joint Response of the Commission on European Contract Law and the Study Group on a European Civil Code， pp. 13-28.
Sanne Taekema， Understanding Dutch Law， Boom Juridische Uitgevers， 2004， pp. 22.
Ugo Mattei， The European Codification Process， Cut and Paste， Kluwer Law International， 2003， pp. 1-22.
Richard Hyland， The American Experience: Restatements， the UCC， Uniform Laws and Transnational Coordination， Arthur Hartkamp， Martijn Hesselink， Ewoud Hondius， Carla Joustra， Edgar du Perron， Muriel Veldman， Towards a European Civil Code， Kluwer Law International， 2004， 59-76.
Ewoud Hondius， European Private Law- Survey 2000-2002， European Review of Private Law， Vol. 10， 2002， pp. 867-870.
Principles， Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) Interim Outline Edition， european law publishers， 2008， p. 4.
Principles， Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) Interim Outline Edition， european law publishers， 2008， p. 4.
Eric Clive， An Introduction to the Academic Draft Common Frame of Reference， ERA Forum， Vol. 9， 2008， p. S18.
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council， A More Coherent European Contract Law， An Action Plan， COM (2003)， 68 final， p. 4-5.
Principles， Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) Interim Outline Edition， european law publishers， 2008， p. 5.
Id， p. 8.
Study Group on Social Justice in European Private Law， Social Justice in European Contract Law: a Manifesto， European Law Journal， Vol. 10， 2004， pp. 653-657.
Principles， Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) Interim Outline Edition， european law publishers， 2008， p. 51-70.
Principles， Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) Interim Outline Edition， european law publishers， 2008， p. 24.
Ole Lando， E Clive， A.Prum， Reinhard Zimmermann， Principles of European Contract Law: Part III， Kluwer Law International， 2003， pp. xvi.
Principles， Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) Interim Outline Edition， european law publishers， 2008， p. 24.
Id， p. 28.
Peter A. J. van den Berg， The Politics of European Codification， A history of the Unification of Law in France， Prussia， the Austrian Monarchy and the Netherlands， Europa Law Publishing， 2006， pp. 13-34.
Principles， Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) Interim Outline Edition， european law publishers， 2008， p. 30.
Reinhard Zimmermann， Simon Whittaker， Good Faith in European Contract Law， Cambridge University Press， 2000， pp.5-42.
Id.
Conor Quigley， European Community Contract Law， Kluwer Law International， 1998， pp. 165-198.
Principles， Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) Interim Outline Edition， european law publishers， 2008， p. 28.
Eckart Brodermann， The Growing Importance of the UNIDROIT Principles in Europe – A Review in Light of Market Needs， the Role of Law and the 2005 Roman I Proposal， Uniform Law Review， 2006， pp. 749-770.
Donald Robertson， The UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts: What Do They Mean for Australia， Seminar Paper presented in Sydney Law School on 25 June 2008， p. 5.
Eckart Brodermann， The practice of excluding the CISG: time for change?， Modern Law for Global Commerce， Junly 2007， pp. 1-4.
Principles， Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) Interim Outline Edition， european law publishers， 2008， p. 31.
Eric Clive， An Introduction to the Academic Draft Common Frame of Reference， ERA Forum， 2008， p. S18.
荷兰新民法典颁布于1992年，采取了十编制，即：人法与家庭法、法人、财产法总则、
继承法、
物权法、债法总则、有名合同、运输法、知识产权法、国际私法。其中，最后两编还未起草完毕。
Principles， Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) Interim Outline Edition， european law publishers， 2008， p. 21.
Principles， Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) Interim Outline Edition， european law publishers， 2008， p. 13.
Id.
Katja S. Ziegler， Human Rights and Private Law: Privacy as Autonomy， Oxford and Portland， 2007， pp. 105-130.
Principles， Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) Interim Outline Edition， european law publishers， 2008， p. 14.
Id.
Id， p. 16.
Id， p. 17.
H.C. Nipperdey， '' Gleicher Lohn der Fraüfur gleiche Leistung’， Recht der Arbeit 1950， p. 121-128.
Chantal Mak， The Constitution of a Common Frame of Reference for European Contract Law， Center for the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series， 2008/06， p. 2.
Chantal Mak， Harmonising effects of fundamental rights in European Contract Law， Erasmus Law Review， Vol. 01， 2007， p. 63.
Chantal Mak， Fundamental Rights in European Contract Law: A Comparison of the Impact of Fundamental Rights on Contractual Relationships in Germany， the Netherlands， Kluwer Law International， 2008， pp. 12-32.
C.A. Gearty， European Civil Liberties and the European Convention on Human Rights: A Comparative Study， Martinus Nijhoff Publishers， 1997， pp. 5-32.
Book VI. – 2:203: Infringement of dignity， liberty and privacy， Principles， Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) Interim Outline Edition， european law publishers， 2008， p. 305.
Book I. – 1:102: They are to be read in the light of any applicable instruments guaranteeing human rights and fundamental freedoms and any applicable constitutional laws.
Principles， Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) Interim Outline Edition， european law publishers， 2008， p. 37.
Martijn W. Hesselink， The Common Frame of Reference as a source of European Private Law， Centre of the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series， 2008/10， pp. 5-12.
Regulations (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II).
Christian von Bar， Non-Contractual Liability Arising out of Damage Caused to Another under the DCFR， ERA Forum， Vo. 9， 2008， p. S34.
Brigitta Lurger， The “Social” Side of Contract Law and the New Principle of Regard and Fairness， Arthur Hartkamp， Martijn Hesselink， Ewoud Hondius， Carla Joustra， Edgar du Perron， Muriel Veldman， Towards a European Civil Code， Kluwer Law International， 2004， pp. 273-274.
Thom van Mierlo， Consumer Protection on the Single Market: Self-Regulation for Dating Services， Katharina Boele-Woelki， Willem Grosheide， The Future of European Contract Law: Essays in Honor of Ewoud Hondius， Western Europe， 2008， pp. 411-424.
Diana Wallis， Expectations for the Final Common Frame of Reference， ERA Forum， Vol. 9， 2008， pp. S9-S11.
Jan Smits， The Draft-Common Frame of Reference for a European Private Law: Fit for Purpose? Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law， Vol. 2008， pp. 145-148.
Principles， Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) Interim Outline Edition， european law publishers， 2008， p. 5.
Jocobien W. Rutgers， The Draft Common Frame of Reference， Public Policy， Mandatory Rules and the Welfare State， Seminar Paper of the Center of European Contract Law at the University van Amsterdam， 2008， pp. 1-16.
