4.违反信托义务的行为
惩罚性赔偿责任也可能源于对信托义务的违反。在Rova Farms Resort v. Investors Insurance Co. of American一案中,新泽西州法院认为,保险人在与第三人协商和解的过程中对被保险人负有信托义务。在该案中,由于保险人拒绝与第三人以超出保险合同赔偿限额1/4的数额达成和解协议,结果导致被保险人遭受了更大的损失。被保险人向保险人提起诉讼,要求保险人赔偿因其未能与第三人达成和解导致被保险人多支付的那部分赔偿金。法院认为,按照责任保险合同的规定,保险人在与第三人进行协商的过程中充当的是被保险人受托人的角色,因此,保险人对被保险人负有信托义务,在保险人违反信托义务的时候,应当向被保险人支付惩罚性赔偿金。[10](P.59—60.)
四、结语:启示与借鉴
时至今日,惩罚性赔偿已经成为美国法院处理保险纠纷的有力武器,通过对保险人苛以惩罚性赔偿责任,针对保险人违反诚实信用和公平交易义务的行为进行惩戒,并防止类似行为的再次发生。[15]从某种意义上说,惩罚性赔偿责任的引入,对处于严重失衡状态的保险人与被保险人之间的关系起到了一个再平衡的作用,并防止保险人滥用其制度优势地位随意欺压被保险人。与美国相比,我国的保险业尚处于发展初期,在保险合同的订立和履行过程中,由于投保人和被保险人缺乏专业知识与缔约经验,常常处于劣势地位,其合法权益屡屡遭受保险人的侵犯。在保险实务中,经常出现的一种现象是,在投保人投保之初,保险人总是说的天花乱坠,将保险合同吹嘘的无所不能、“包治百病”,但是一旦保险事故发生,一些保险人却寻找各种借口拒赔或减少保险金的赔付数额。这样一来,不仅导致消费者对保险人的投诉居高不下,同时还严重损害了我国保险业的形象,制约了保险业的长期、健康发展。事实上,上述许多保险人对保险合同承保范围的夸大宣传以及拒赔和减赔行为在美国保险法中都属于应当苛以惩罚性赔偿责任的行为。在这种情况下,惩罚性赔偿作为惩戒和抑制保险人不法行为的“杀手锏”,体现了优先保护被保险人的立法精神,值得我国保险立法借鉴。
【作者简介】
孙宏涛(1978—),男,山东济南人,上海交通大学法学院博士研究生,主要从事民商法的研究与教学。
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