与自然法学相反，法律实证主义则试图将价值考量排除在法理学科学研究的范围之外，并把法理学的任务限定在分析和剖析实在法律制度的范围之内。[47]。法律实证主义试图剔除法理学的道德成分，声称“法律问题，作为一个科学问题，是社会技术问题，并不是一个道德问题。”[48]“法理学科学（或者简略地说‘法理学’），与实际存在的由人制定的法有关，或者，与我们所说的严格意义上的法有关，而不管这些法是好的，或者坏的。”[49]法律实证主义者倾向于认为正义就是合法性(legality)，亦即服从国家所制定的规则。[50]正如奥斯汀所主张的：“不论道德规则是从何处出现的，不论我们心中所形成的善德或邪恶是基于何种标准，我们自己行为的正确与错误，最终在于是否符合某种法律规定的行为方式。”[51]法律实证主义是一种典型的法律规则中心主义，“法律规则中心主义以其貌视科学的外表，力图使我们认为它是中立的，从而掩饰了法律意识形态的作用。由此，法律规则中心主义掩盖了这样的事实，即在我们的社会中，法律是男权主义的权力制度，它作为一种与等级制和阶级特权紧密联系的社会控制手段以及传播知识的重要渠道而起着作用。”[52]
法律实证主义强调合法的就是合乎道德的，试图阻止人们对法律是否正义进行反思，客观上削减了女性对含有性别等级的法律进行批判的能力，并为女性屈从男人制定的法律在理论上提供了支配的工具。法律实证主义强调法律的强制性与命令性的特征，将强权与意志纳入了法律之内，使法律对性别等级的社会性别模式进一步凝固化。因此，虽然，实证主义法学与自然法学在许多理论问题上存在着针锋相对的观点，且不可调和，但在制造社会性别这一点上却最终达成了联合，并成为了掩盖社会性别的同盟军。法律与法律理论的紧密联系与有机配合终于迫使社会性别及其等级模式在法律中立的旗帜下不断地得以演绎、建构和强化。
The Law construction of Social Gender and Critics
Abstract: The sex classes results from the continuous interpretation and construction by the male supremacy culture in the course of human evolution, and gender is the best tool to probe the cause of it. The sex division of labor in the primitive society of men tilling the land and women weaving formed the demarcation line between the family relations and public relations. In the public relations, men demanded more and more equality out of their selfish nature, for which finally legislated. In the family relations, equality and justice seems unnecessary because of intimacy, but since the females haven’t participated in the legislation for public relations, sex equality has been reflected neither in public realm nor in family relation. In the end the delimitation between the public and private realm was accepted in laws, on the base of which build up the social model of sex classes, and the law theory representing the male supremacy culture has continuously been trying its best to conceal and strengthen the essence of socialized gender, especially the contract social theory. It puts the law under the veil of justice on the pretext of that the laws are favored by all citizens, and becomes the accomplice of concealing the gender, disregarding the fact that females are excluded from the contracts. Even Rawls’s theory of the veil of ignorance ignored the sex equality and just as they are taken for granted. Although the positive law put forward much contradictory idea against the natural law, they allied in concealing social gender. The relation and cooperation of law and its theory make the social gender and the class model constantly deduced, constructed and strengthened under the banner of neutrality.
【注释】 本文发表于《中国法学》2004年第6期。本文为国家社会科学基金资助项目“法理学视野下的性别问题研究”的阶段性成果，批准号为04CFX003。
* 作者周安平，现为南京大学法学院教授，法学博士,博士生导师。
参见马格利特-桑顿《不和谐与不信任——法律职业中的女性》译者序，信春鹰、王莉译，法律出版社2001年7月第1版，第1页。
参见吕世伦主编《现代西方法学流派》，中国大百科全书出版社2000年9月第1版，第1117页。
