IFIFPro的发言人劳伦·丹尼斯(Laurent Dennis)说:“我们不接受这一记录…它在欧洲层面上创造了一个新的工种—足球运动员,他们不会和其他人一样得到相同的社会保护”,quoted in The Independent, “New transfer system threatens stability of the game”, 7 March 2001, p.28.
关于比利时法院的不连贯的程序,see Bennett, “They think it’s all over, …it is now! — How Extra Time was required to finally settle foothball’s transfer saga”, 9 Sport and the Law Journal (2001), 180. 在欧共体层面上,一个运动员的联合组织在Case T-42/01, SETCA-FGTB v. Commission中提起申请,指控欧共体委员会对转会制度的不作为属于违法,但该案于2002年元月24从欧洲法院的登记中撤销,而该申诉(COMP/36.583)则于2002年5月30日被欧共体委员会作为结束调查的一部分而被驳回。相关文件援引自europa.eu.int/comm./sport/key_files/circ/a_circ_en.html。
See Dabscheck, “The Globe at their Feet: FIFA’s New Employment Rules”,(截至目前)作者仍未公开发表该论文。
IP/02/824, “Commission closes investigations into FIFA regulations on international football transfers”, 5 June 2002. 欧共体委员会并未准备将该问题引入正式层面。
E.g. Case C-67/96, Albany International v. Stichting Bedrijfspensioenfonds Textielindustrie, ECRⅠ-5751; Case C-219/97, Maatschappij Drijvende Bokken BV v. Stichting pensioenfonds, ECRⅠ-6121.
See generally Part 2 above.
Lehtonen, Case C-176/96, ECR I-2681.
Case C-415/93,URBSFA v. Bosman,ECR Ⅰ-4921, para 106.
See e.g. Feess and Muehleusser, “Economic Consequences of Transfer Fee Regulations in European Football”, 13 European Journal of Law and Economics (2002), 221.
它可能同样无法抵御来自国内法的进攻,尽管各国国内法的规定各异。例如,关于德国法的影响的评论,see Engelbrecht, “New legislation on Fixed-Term Work: Impacts on the Discussion about a new FIFA-Transfer-Regulation” 5/6 International Sports Law Journal(2001), 49.
Cf. Foster, “Transfer Fees: still (il)legal after all these years?”, Singer & Fredlander Football Review 2000-01, www.le.ac.uk/crss/sf-review/00-01/contents01.html.
IP/02/824, “Commission closes investigations into FIFA regulations on international football transfers”, 5 June 2002. 欧共体委员会并未准备将该问题引入正式层面。
Press Release No 425/00 of the German Government, 10 Sept. 2000, 目前可在以下网址调取:www.eng.bundesregierung.de/top/dokumente/Pressmitteilung/ix_17866.htm。
Quotes taken from “UEFA fears for future as transfer talks reach impasse”, The Independent, 3 March 2001, p.26. See Part 6 below on the Nice Declaration.
比如,在1999年,英国竞争机构以可能违背公共利益为由否决了卫星电视转播公司BskyB与曼联足球俱乐部之间的合并计划;cm 4305,1999。在其他因素方面,据称在转播权市场上的竞争可能因BskyB同供方过于紧密的关系而受到限制,而富有俱乐部同贫穷俱乐部之间的鸿沟将会被进一步拉大。有关评论,see Tassano, “Are Vertical Mergers Harmful?”, (1999) ECLR, 395; Harbord and Binmore, “Toeholds, takeovers and football”, (2000) ECLR, 142; 有关更广泛的背景,see Bose, Manchester Unlimited (London, Texere, 1999).
比如,在英国,禁止BSkyB同曼联之间的合并所造成的后果是媒体公司控制足球俱乐部的小额股份而非关键股份;see Brown, “Sneaking in through the back door? Media company interests and dual ownership of clubs”, Ch. 8 in Hamil, Michie, Oughton and Warby (Eds.), Football in the Digital Age: whose game is it anyway? (Edinburgh, Mainstream Publishing, 2000).
有名的是2002年,除英超20家俱乐部以外的72家英国职业足球联盟俱乐部发现他们所期待的通过出售电视转播权取得收入的梦想无法实现了,因为买方ITV-Digital由于吸引到的观众数量远低于事先预计而被接管。与某些可怕的预测不同,(至今)尚无俱乐部被勒令关闭。德国的基尔希(Kirch,德国传媒公司,曾独家购买了2002年和2006年两届世界杯足球赛的电视转播权,后因巨额亏损而宣告破产——译者注)帝国的崩溃也和无法完成巨额的足球比赛转播权合同有关。Cf. The Economist “Passion, pride and profit: A survey of football”, 1 June 2002.
Comm.Dec.2001/478,OJ.2001,L 171/12.
Paras. 49-61 of the Decision. 欧共体委员会将在市场结构方面引导变革,特别是在“互联网革命”的触动下,para 56.
Para 59.
IP/01/583, 20 April 2001.
关于条约第81条第3款的“非经济”方面不甚明确的范围的简介,see Whish, Competition Law (2001),pp.125-128. 关于条约第151条第4款对第81条的影响,无论欧共体委员会还是欧洲法院,迄今均未做出令人满意的解释,而这一问题同样涉及到条约第6条及第153条第2款的影响,超出了本文讨论的范围。See Monti, “Article 81 EC and public policy”, 39 CML Rev., 1057 esp. at 1069-78.
Comm.Dec.2001/478,OJ.2001,L 171/12, para 60 of the decision.
CF. summary in Roth (Ed.), Bellamy and Child’s European Community of Competition, para 4-150 (London, Sweet and Maxwell, 2000). See also Part 5 of this paper, below.
多数经济文献都来源于北美。有关分析, see Dobson and Goddard, The Economics of Football(Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp.90-101 & Ch.4, esp. Ch.3. Cf. Rosen andSanderson, “Labour Markets in Professional Sports”, 111 The Economic Journal(2000) F47, 该文认为,美国的维持平衡的方法是处罚成功者,而欧洲的方法是处罚失败者。
这一“权利”的确切属性,特别是包含了有关主场比赛的权利,是由国内法规定的; cf..Beloff, Kerr and Demetriou, Sports Law (Oxford, Hart, 1999), pp. 134-6, 153-6; Nitsche, “Collective Marketing of Broadcasting Rights in Europe”, (2000) ECLR 208; Van den Brink, “EC Competition Law and the Regulation of Football”, (2000)ECLR 359, at 360 and 420, at 422-23.
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