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[译著] 金融全球化对审慎政策和宏观经济管理所带来的挑战

  现在大家将谈及充分的金融全球化。现实中评估风险领域的趋势表明,即使是即时的套利交易也完全由全球的整体趋势所决定,其并不受到国内货币政策的影响,即便是短期内的活动。货币政策将失去它原有的力量——抵御风险再次袭击的力量。由于国家之间并不存在产品产量上的区别,所以国家之间也不再存在要与其他国家平衡发展的需求了。然而,货币政策将通过汇率渠道达到政府机构所企求的解放通货膨胀危机的目标。这一目标是通过创造背离全球实际汇率的名义汇率来实现的。货币政策事实上并不起到真正的作用,它仅仅能决定通货膨胀率,而通货膨胀率对于现实经济的影响也是中性的。
  从大家当今的经济现状到达先前的那个假设仍有一段很长的路要走。另外,一个貌似合理的理论宣称,大家所寻求的理想中的金融全球化将比现实中的全球化进步的更快。大家可能面临这样一种情况,货币政策中所包含的反循环力量是有作用的,而利率渠道将在很大程度上受到削弱,甚至是全面的打击。汇率渠道运作的状况将成为一个问题,这已成为大家的普遍共识。
  然而,大家应当关注什么呢?事实使得大家了解到外国交易市场展现出极大的多变性,同时长期以来,汇率的变化都与基本原理相悖。货币交易的出现从某种程度上而言可以被理解为是上述事实的证明,因为它其中包含一个或然命题,即利率差不能或不能完全通过通过汇率活动来得到补偿,所谓的公开利率平价并没有被各国所切实实行。根据公开利率平价的原理,低发行量的货币应当被希望升值,高发行量的货币应当被期待贬值。然而,大家长期所观测到是相反的情形,且经过了多次修正。在这个领域,一国可能表现出渴望与新西兰的货币进行对抗的态度,或者是希望与冰岛的货币进行对抗。
  那么中小型国家面对日益削弱的利息率渠道和错误实施的汇率,应当采取什么行动呢?依作者个人拙见,有以下三点需要注意:
  首先,这些中小型国家应当使这种现状继续存在。毕竟这些国家最终能够达到解救通货膨胀的目标。在这一征途上,它们将遭受来自汇率的多变性和潜在的不平衡方面的影响,但这两方面对于商品交易所带来的影响到底有多大,这仍然不是大家所能准确预料的;从一定程度上来说,这是因为一些精明的金融部门可以为此提供一系列对冲工具。
  第二,它们可以尝试着去塑造和重组其生存的条件,以减少对商品贸易部门的促进作用为目标而去减少货币政策和汇率调整时所面临的负担。它将包含诸如转变那些已混合了财政政策与货币政策,重新呼唤解放向前循环发展着的审慎政策。
  再次,关注关税和资本市场的结构,特别是在房地产业,或许甚至包括外汇汇率的宏观调控方面。据作者了解,作者所介绍的这一方案作为解救通货膨胀先驱的新西兰正在着手实施。在实施时所允许的与该方案有出入的尺度是多少呢,例如,大家大家都了解用财政政策解决短期经济稳定所引起的问题,特别是对于具有重大意义的财政改革而言。
  最后,这些国家可以通过加入一个货币联盟来实现根本性的转变。每个国家都要对某一个领域发展的积极面与消极面做出艰难的选择。然而,这一点是清晰明了的,即不论对于现实中的或是理想中的金融全球化的发展,加入一个货币联盟的相关吸引力不断升温。所有的一切都将被平等对待。当然,这其中的原因便是大家正朝着一个无法影响全球利率的小规模经济的方向去努力,在这以态度下,反循环的货币政策将既无可能存在,也没有必要存在。
  总结陈词
  主席、女士们、先生们,让作者为大家在此做一个总结。金融全球化具有重要的积极意义,并且大家希望它能够继续取得进步。然而,正如生活中的一切美好事物一样,美丽之余也带来了些许风险、些许对审慎的货币政策和政府提出的挑战。当作者指出公共部门所采取的应对措施落后时,作者并没有得到作者原本预料中的责骂。这些措施包含了许多艰难的问题和涉及非常重要的国家基础问题的政府结构。审慎的货币体系可能有必要做成调整。这其中存在着许多可能的情况,并且了解到其各种情况是如何展现的也是一件乐事。几十年后,在这个世界里,大家将拥有更少的,只用于一国流通的货币,并且将拥有更少的金融限制,至少对于实施国际业务的发展而言是这样?
  十分感谢。
  附英文原稿:
  Financial globalisation and challenges for prudential policies and macroeconomic management
  Speech by Már Gudmundsson at a meeting of the Institut International d’Etudes Bancaires, Reykjavik, Iceland, 18 May 2007.
  ________________________________________
  Abstract:
  Financial globalisation is a process of ever tighter cross-border financial integration that will, at the limit, result in risk-adjusted real returns on assets with the same maturity and other characteristics being equal across countries. Although financial globalisation has made big strides in recent years, this state of affairs has not materialised. Financial globalisation has important benefits but also poses significant challenges for prudential and monetary policies. For prudential policies the fundamental problem lies in the mismatch between the international scope of banking institutions and the national scope of the frameworks for banking supervision and crisis management. For monetary policy, the problem is that the weakening of the interest rate channel of monetary transmission at the same time as the exchange rate might have a tendency to decouple from fundamentals in the short- to medium-term.
  
  Full speech:
  Chairman, ladies and gentlemen,
  It is a great honour for me to speak in front of such a distinguished audience of European bankers. My topic today is financial globalisation and the challenges it creates for prudential policies and macroeconomic management. In choosing this topic, I am partly influenced by my own personal experience of having been chief economist at the central bank of a very small open economy, that is here in Iceland, and then subsequently having a more global perspective at the Bank for International Settlements.
                       To that sum we have to add all the interdependencies, the markets that clear at the global level, international flows of goods, labour and capital, and many of the institutions that you represent, internationally active banks; and even this would not be a complete list. When analysing the world economy we therefore need first to look at the whole before going to the individual parts. We at the BIS have been trying to develop our analytical tools, our indicators and our data with this in mind.
  When I moved from the Central Bank of Iceland to the BIS, I found it relatively easy to switch from the small open economy perspective to the global perspective. This may be partly due to the fact that my own country cannot have much relevance for global economic developments, although it was able to upset global markets for a few days in February last year. However, that episode, along with related experiences of other small mature open economies like New Zealand, woke the small open economist in me, but now within the global context. The key question is how ongoing financial globalisation is changing the environment within which domestic prudential and macroeconomic policies are framed and, consequently, how these policies might have to change? This is the motivation for my theme today.


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