其次,完善交易所的经理制度,改变经理人由证监会任免的作法。总经理、副总经理由证监会任免违背法理。通常认为经理是公司日常业务的负责人,经理应由理事会或者董事会聘任或者解聘。在交易所面临激烈竞争,且越来越进行市场化经营的背景下,经理人员理应由交易所的理事会从经理市场的合格人选中进行挑选,由政府任命总经理而且强行将总经理作为交易所的法定代表人显然违背一般的法理,不利于交易所进行市场化的经营,而且也难以处理理事会和总经理的关系。既然《
证券交易所管理办法》规定理事会作为决策机构,则理事会有权对总经理、副总经理等执行机构进行监督和考核,但在总经理、副总经理由政府任免的情况下,理事会显然难以对总经理、副总经理进行有效的监督和考核。折衷的作法是由理事会聘任或者解聘总经理、副总经理,报中国证监会同意;这样一方面理顺了理事会和经理的关系,也照顾了证监会的现实态度。
再次,废除证监会对交易所的业务尤其对于证券交易品种的事先批准。按照现行规定,证券交易所上市新的证券交易品种,必须经过证监会批准。证券交易所以联网等方式为非本所上市的证券交易品种提供证券交易服务,应当报证监会批准。[64]过多的事先批准程序阻碍了交易所的创新精神,限制交易所之间的竞争。合理的作法应是允许交易所不断开展新的业务品种,彼此展开竞争,满足投资者和证券商的需求。由于交易所的业务规则必须经过证监会批准,证监会依然可以对交易所的交易品种起到间接的监督作用,过多的事先审批不合时宜。
最后,进一步强化交易所作为自律组织的自治权限。如前所述,《
证券法》修订后,证券交易所对证券上市条件享有一定的自主权,可以规定高于《
证券法》规定的上市条件。[65]笔者认为,上市服务是交易所提供的最主要的产品或者服务,允许什么样的公司上市或曰公司上市条件是交易所保持自身特色或者竞争力的重要内容,过高的上市标准可能将许多拟上市的公司拒之门外,影响交易所的业务扩展,过低的上市标准,虽可以拥有更多的上市对象,却可能影响交易所的声誉,同时影响投资者的投资热情;从这个意义上讲,上市条件是证券交易所的经营策略问题,应当允许交易所自行决定,不宜由法律做出统一的规定。而且,如果由交易所自行决定上市条件,则不同的交易所可以规定不同的上市条件,彼此展开竞争;甚至不同的交易所可以主要为不同类型的公司提供上市的机会。例如,在美国,NYSE主要为成熟的企业提供上市服务,Nasdaq主要为成长型的企业提供上市机会。因此,未来可以考虑将上市条件完全交给交易所自行决定。由交易所自行决定上市条件和核准上市申请,并不意味着政府对公司上市条件和上市程序撒手不管;由于交易所的规则包括上市条件和上市程序在内的上市规则都必须经过证监会的批准,证监会依然可以间接的进行监管。
确立证券交易所自律组织的地位并充实其自律监管职能可以制约政府监管者,同时,通过完善政府对交易所的监督机制亦可以对交易所构成制约。总之,证券交易所和政府监管机关之间应建立一种相互独立、彼此分工、相互监督和制约的良性互动关系。这也是我国证券监管体制和证券交易所制度有待完善的地方。
【注释】 Speech by SEC Staff: Self-Regulation in the New Era, Remarks by Lori Richards, Director, Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations U.S. SEC, NRS Fall 2000 Compliance Conference, Scottsdale, Arizona, September 11, 2000.
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