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【注释】 侯纯：《知识产权客体的扩张与利益平衡》，《燕山大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2004年第2期。
在本文中，“公共领域”与“公有领域”是同一个概念。公共领域获得承认和确立的最基本的哲学理由是，知识产权人无权占有知识产品中没有作出创造性贡献的部分。
公共领域是从专有权中剥离出的可以为公众自由利用的部分。从这个意义上理解公共领域，可以发现，如果对公共领域的东西授予专有的知识产权，应通过一定的机制使其回到公共领域中去，否则会侵害公众自由利用公共领域知识和信息的权利。
参见Butler, The Commons Concept: An Historical Concept with Modern Relevance, 23 WM. & MARY L. REV. 835 (1982); Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons, 162 SCI ENCE 1243 (1968); Rose, The Comedy of the Commons: Custom, Commerce, and Inherently Public Property, 53 U. CHI. L. REV. 711 (1986).
参见David Lange, Reimagining the Public Domain, 66 Law & Contemp. Probs. 463, 470 (2003).
参见Goldstein, Preempted State Doctrines, Involuntary Transfers and Compulsory Licenses: Testing the Limits of Copyright, 24 UCLA L. REV. 1107 (1977).
David Lange, Rethinking Public Domain, 44 Law and Contemporary Problems 147 (1982).
如Mazer v. Stein, 347 U.S. 201 (1954); Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S.340 (1991); Sony Corp., 464 U.S. at 417(1984); Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc. 510 U.S.517 (1994).
Compare Krasilovsky , Observations on Public Domain, 14 Bull. Copyright Society 205 (1967).
David Lange, Rethinking Public Domain, 44 Law and Contemporary Problems 147 (1982).
Keith Aoki, Authors, Inventors and Trademark Owners: Private Intellectual Property and the Public Domain(Part I), 18 Columbia –VLA Journal of Law & the Arts1 1 (1993).
引自Kevin Janus, Defending the Public Domain in Copyright Law: A Tactical Approach(Part I), 14 Intellectual Property Journal 58 (1999).
引自Kevin Janus, Defending the Public Domain in Copyright Law: A Tactical Approach (Part I), 14 Intellectual Property Journal 58 (1999).
参见Wendy J. Gordon, An Inquiry into the Merits of Copyright: The Challenge of Consistency, and Encouragement, 41 Stanford Law Review 1343, 1460-61 (1989)；冯晓青、魏衍亮：《两种复制权的现代冲突、制度选择及其法哲学基础》，《北大知识产权评论》（第1卷），法律出版社2002年版，第54-76页。
公共领域的经济学方面讨论也是一个有用的认知方法。参见Paul J. Heald, Reviving The Rhetoric of the Public Interest: Choir Direction, Copy Machines, and New Arrangements of Public Domain Music, 46 DUKE L. J. 241 (1996).
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