2、农民集体商业出让土地后,其出让土地的收益是全部归农民所有,抑或由国家与农民集体分享?因为城市近郊土地地价的抬升,与国家大量的基础建设投入密不可分,由农民集体独享高地价的好处,实际上是侵占了由国家代表的公共利益。农民集体出租土地的地租,实际上也存在这个问题。
3、在对“公共利益”做具体界定后,城市房屋拆迁相当程度上会退出公益征收范围。可是按传统的民事方式,很难解决交易中的困难。开发商开发楼盘,一般地块较大,拆迁户较多,在传统交易方式下,一户人拒绝拆迁,整个开发计划就会落空。开发商与拆迁户“一对一”交易,开发商开出的价码不会一致,更会助长拆迁户的攀比心理。故城市房屋拆迁如要实行市场交易方式,对传统交易方式也要作一些变通。
我们认为,只有以上问题(不限于)寻求到解决方案后,对“公共利益”予以界定才具有了现实条件。
宪法是一种生活方式,解决
宪法上的问题必须面向生活,生活是
宪法的永久源泉。
宪法问题的研究必须以生活为依归。宪法学也不是二三静心人在荒江野老里探究的学问。可是在我们的一些宪法学研究者那里,对解决实际问题漠不关心,宪法学研究从理论到理论,从概念到概念,自娱自乐,与实际生活严重疏离。宪法学是一门经验科学,笔者呼唤宪法学界对
宪法问题作实证的研究——当然也希望如张千帆先生等对西方宪政制度有真实知识的学者对西方宪政思想、宪政制度作真正的介绍。笔者也真切希望对“公共利益”定位模式的研究能持续深入地开展下去,取得真实成果,真正有助于公民权利的保障,有助于我国宪政制度的推进。而不要浮光掠影,浅尝辄止,风过无痕。
【注释】 在此特别感谢美国宪法学专家Professor Elizabeth Spahn (New England School of Law) 在她与笔者的信件中对此问题上的解释。鉴于美国各州情形并不完全一致,她信中表述观点既是一种普遍理论,也是一种经验做法。因此,笔者将其来函的部分原文引用如下,以资佐证:
Generally in a constitutional common law system, the original power to define public good would be in the legislature (Congress at the federal level, or state legislatures).Normally a statute passed by the legislature would define public good.Sometimes an administrative agency might have received power from the legislative statute to issue additional interpretations or regulations further explaining the legislative intent in defining public good. But the administrative agency cannot change the meaning of the statute, or go against the legislatures intent.
The courts would then apply the legislative (and administrative if any) interpretations of public good to a specific factual dispute. Normally the administrative agency would not apply the statute to a specific dispute where the government is taking private property. This would be done by the courts.Sometimes in order to apply the meaning of public good, the judges would have to interpret the statute or administrative regulations, but the judges would not go against the intent of the legislature or the administrative agency.