EPA之所以要规避正常的通告与评议程序,部分是因为这些“简易”程序现在也变得越来越严格。另一项近年来常用的手法是发布“临时—最终”(interim-final)规章,也就是行政机构发布一项立即生效的“临时”规则,但它同时又是最终规则的提议,公众可以照常对它发表评议。如果争议不大,那么临时规则就成为最终的规则;如果提出了有份量的反对意见,那么行政机构可以作出回应,并在最终规则公布前修改临时规则。[14] 内部税务署(IRS)曾经常颁布这类“临时”规章,然后迟迟不出台最终规章。这导致国会在1988年通过立法,要求任何临时规章都必须作为规则的提议,并在实施后3内年过期。
美国《联邦行政程序法》有关制规过程的理论和实践表明,行政立法行为的法律控制与规范是实现依法行政和法治国家理念的题中之意。一方面,制规过程必须充分允许公民的广泛参与,因而程序应尽可能简便易行;另一方面,为了保证行政立法权的依法行使,制规过程的各个阶段都必须受到实质性的司法审查。事实上,任何国家的行政法治都是在民主参与和司法保障这两个既相辅相成又相互冲突的需求中进行和展开的。
【注释】 参见Peter L. Strauss, Todd Rakoff, and Cynthia R. Farina, Gellhorn and Byse’s Administrative Law: Cases and Comments (10th Ed.), Westbury, NY: Foundation Press (2003), p. 483. Cornelius M. Kerwin, Rulemaking: How Government Agencies Write Law and Make Policy (2nd Ed.), Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press (1999), p. 202. E. Donald Elliot, Reinventing Rulemaking, 41 Duke Law Journal 1490 (1992). 引Kerwin, Rulemaking, p. 193. Common Cause, With Only One Ear (1977), p. 22. Strauss et al., Gellhorn and Byse’s Administrative Law (10th Ed., 2003), p. 677. 参见Frank Ahrens, FCC Eases Media Ownership Rules: Party-Line Vote Clears Way for More Consolidation, Washington Post, 3 June 2003. FCC v. National Citizen Committee for Broadcasting, 436 U.S. 775 (1978). Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 435 U.S. 519. Antonin Scalia, Vermont Yankee: The APA, the D.C. Circuit, and the Supreme Court, 1978 Supreme Court Review 345. Strauss et al., Gellhorn and Byse’s Administrative Law (10th Ed., 2003), p. 511, n.1. Ethyl Corp. v. EPA, 541 F.2d 1 (D.C. Cir.). Utility Solid Waste Activities Group v. EPA, 236 F.3d 749 (D.C. Cir.). ] Michael Asimow, Interim-Final Rules: Making Haste Slowly, 51 Administrative Law Review 703 (1999).
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