商事登记制度的立法完善
On the Legislative Perfection of the Commercial Registration
折喜芳
【摘要】在我国市场经济发展的现阶段,法典意义上的“民商分立”既无可能,亦无必要。由于我国缺乏商法的传统,在商法明显的国际化与统一化的趋向下,制定《商事通则》亦是困难重重。在我国商事立法进程中,当务之急是制定一部统一的《商事登记法》。商事登记法作为商事立法的重要组成部分,体现着商法营利性的核心理念,应当以效率与安全作为立法的基本价值取向。同时在立法中应注意一些具体问题,如商事主体的确认,注册登记与营业登记的分离以及商事登记机关责任的强化等。
【关键词】商事登记;价值取向;商事主体;注册登记;营业登记
【全文】
Abstract: At the present phase of the market economy in China, it is both impossible and unnecessary for the separate civil code and commercial code. It is also very difficult for the legislation of the general commercial law, because we don’t have the tradition of commercial law and the commercial law now has a clear international and integrate tendency worldwide. In the legislation of commercial law, it is urgent for us to make an uniform Commercial Registration Act. As an important part of commercial law, Commercial Registration Act embodies the core ideal of profit-seeking. Therefore, its basic value identification should be efficiency and safety. At the present time, some attention should be paid to some concrete problems of the legislation, such as the confirmation of the commercial body, the separation of the initiating registration and operating one and the intensifying of the liabilities of the registration units.
Key words: commercial registration; value identification; commercial body; initiating registration; operating registration
一、商事登记立法的理论背景及现状
对商事登记立法的探讨,使我们的思维不得不介入到学界旷日持久的商事立法体例的论争之中。我们在民法典即将出台的激情中,必须冷静地反思商事立法的模式,因为在我国长期以来的“民商合一”思潮主导之下,商事立法何去何从,值得认真面对。可以说,任何一种形态的商事立法模式,无不反映了一国对民商法关系的基本认识及处理准则。就商事体例的立法设计,长期以来,多数学者争论的焦点多聚集于“民商合一”与“民商分立”之中。
主张“民商合一”论的学者认为,近代以来,民法与商法的分立并非科学的构思,而只是历史的产物。随着现代社会关系的“普遍商化”,导致了商人特殊身份的消失,营利性营业行为的范围大大扩大,出现了商业的泛化,因此,商法独立于民法的基础已经不复存在[1]。我们以为,即使商品经济发展到极致,商的泛化如何普遍,也决不意味着商事主体与民事主体的混同。这种观点抹煞了商法与民法调整对象的区别,由于商事关系的特殊性致使再宏大的民法典都不可能对商事法包容无遗。大陆法国家“大量的民事单行法和商事单行法的颁布,说明民法典不仅无法包容商法规范或商法总则,而且无法包容民事单行法”[2]。以至日本学者在批评瑞士民法典之民商合一体例时,称其为“失败的尝试”[3]。