C-120/78 Rewe-Zentral v. Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein, ECR 649, para. 8.
Completing the Internal Market: White Paper from the Commission to the European Council, COM (85) 310 final, paras. 102-103.
See Directive 85/611/EEC, Art. 4 (关于母国承担许可责任的规定) and Art. 5d (关于母国承担审慎监管责任的规定). 值得注意的是,在《1985年白皮书》之后制定的框架性金融服务指令中,只有《共同投资机构指令》没有明确使用“母国控制原则”一词。
See Directive 92/96/EEC, Recital (6); Derective 92/49/EEC, Recital (5); Derective 93/22/EEC, Recital (3); Directive 2001/17/EC, Recital (11); Directive 2001/24/EC, Recital (6).
See Directive 94/19/EC, Art. 4 (1) and Directive 97/9/EC, Art. 7 (1), para. 1.
See Directive 94/19/EC, Art. 4 (2) and Directive 97/9/EC, Art. 7 (1), para. 3.
See Directive 2000/12/EC, Recital (7); Directive 2002/83/EC, Recital (7); Directive 2004/39/EC, Recital (23).
A. Gkoutzinis, Cross-border Electronic Banking Activities in the Single European Market and the Normative Value of Home Country Supervision, J. of Int’l B. Reg., Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 87.
A. Gkoutzinis, Cross-border Electronic Banking Activities in the Single European Market and the Normative Value of Home Country Supervision, J. of Int’l B. Reg., Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 85.
在欧盟金融服务法中,“共同利益”一词是一个纯粹的司法概念,泛指极为重要的公共利益要求(imperative public interest requirements)。二十世纪七十年代,欧洲法院为了通过判例法补充《罗马条约》第30条关于数量限制例外的规定,在有关货物自由流动案件的判决中创设了这一概念。后来,鉴于《罗马条约》没有关于“提供服务的自由”的例外规定,欧洲法院在有关金融服务的案件中也广泛地使用了这一概念,以判断成员国国内法中限制“提供服务的自由”和“设立机构的自由”的措施是否合理。See T. R. F. Sexton, Enacting National Environmental Laws More Stringent than other States’ Laws in the European Community: Re Disposable Beer Cans: Commission v. Denmark, Cornell Int’l L. J., Vol. 24, p. 578. See also S. K. Schmidt, The Impact of Mutual Recognition: Inbuilt Limits and Domestic Response to the Single Market, J. of Euro. Pub. Pol., Dec., 2002, pp.937-938.
具体地讲,行为规则包括市场行为规则(rules of market conduct)和商业行为规则(conduct of business rules)。其中,市场行为规则是指“防止滥用市场行为的法律和监管规则”,这些规则旨在通过禁止滥用内幕信息、制裁市场欺诈和市场操纵行为来保护金融服务消费者的利益以及市场的公正性;商业行为规则是指调整金融机构与客户关系的法律规范。通常,这些法律规范表现为一系列“基本的法律原则和详尽的监管规则”,用来确保金融机构能够诚实地管理客户的资产、恰当地执行客户的指令以及避免或者合理地处理利益冲突问题。从法律性质上讲,市场行为规则属于公法性质的法律规范,适用时不以事先存在合同或者受托关系为前提;而商业行为规则既包含公法性质的法律规范,也包含私法性质的法律规范。在实践中,准确区分上述两类行为规则是很困难的,欧盟金融服务指令也没有将两者截然分开。See E. Avgouleas, The Harmonization of Rules of Conduct in EU Financial Markets: Economic Analysis, Subsidiarity and Investor Protection, Euro. L. J., Vol. 6, No. 1, p. 74.
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