伦理观念的嬗变对现代法律及其实践的影响——以从人类中心到生态中心的环境法律观为中心
The Effects of Ethical Evolution on Modern Law and Its Practice
汪劲
【摘要】本文认为，人类社会的发展经历了以自我利益为中心，以家族、部族、地域利益为中 心，到现在以国家、人种、人类利益为中心的伦理时代。在这个漫长过程中虽然调整人 类行为的法律逐渐成熟和完善，但人类中心主义的伦理观念一直占据着统治地位。20世 纪以来，环境问题在各国日益突现，运用传统法律手段在环境问题的解决上更显力不从 心。频频爆发的公害事件、愈演愈烈的环境危机使人类不得不反思自己的行为和观念。 本文指出，20世纪五十年代以后，强调人与自然共生平等的生态中心主义伦理观应运而 生，它对人类中心主义予以了深刻的反省和批判，提出了新的以确立环境和自然固有价 值及权利的环境伦理思想。本文认为，这些思想理论对传统人类中心主义的伦理观提出 了新的挑战，不仅动摇了传统部门法的法理学基础，一些国家还涌现了反映和维护环境 和自然固有价值及权利的法律实践。本文指出，伦理观念从人类中心主义到生态中心主 义的嬗变已经影响到当代环境立法和实践，并将对整个传统法律从理论到实践产生重大 的影响。
The evolution of ethical conception promotes the vicissitude of law.Ther e are different ethical conceptions and legal notion to adapt the dissimi lar r equirements of development in distinct periods of human society.In h istorica l points of view,human society has experienced several ethical pe riods inclu ding the period of individualism,of the concentration of kin''s interest,trib e''s interest or regional interest and the period of the con centration of nat ional interest,racial interest or human interest.As the development of human society,the diverse legal systems have been establis hed and constituted in a more and more advanced status.As a result,the et hical conception in concen tration of human interest became the potentate in ethical realm and shown it s powerful influence in impacting other real ms including legislation and leg al practice.However,in the 20th century,t he environmental problem has been a serious social problem which requirin g more attention and concern,and the o ccurrences of severe pollution in p articular make the necessity of retrospec t in human ethical conception an d conducts gradually obvious.In the 1950s,th e ethical conception in conce ntration of natural rights and interest appeare d,which stresses that each life in the world is equal and humanity is not th e ruler but a member of diverse lives in the globe.In a word,the ethical con ception offers the n otion that nature and environment have their intrinsic r ights to survive and live better.This new ethical notion challenged the ethi cal conception in concentration human interest and affected legal basic theo ry greatly.As the reflection of the alteration,there are many law cases conc erning n atural rights springing up in some countries.In conclusion,the ethic al ev olution from human interest to natural interest not only impresses the le gislation and practice of environmental law,but also the entire legal foun dation and theoretical system.
【全文】
20世纪人类伦理观念的最大进步之一就是生态中心主义伦理观的兴起。它是人类面对 不断恶化的环境问题、在自然科学研究不断发展的基础上逐步确立并形成的。从20世纪 七十年代开始，生态中心主义的伦理观念开始渗透到法律领域之中，对现代法律理论和 实践产生了巨大影响。本文拟从运用传统法方法保护环境的不合目的性问题研究出发， 围绕环境保护法律观念的转变，就近代伦理观念的嬗变对现代法律及其实践的影响作初 步的探讨。
