《英国保险协会保险条款诠释》第二编第四五章特种货物保险条款及附加保险条款
郭国汀
【关键词】特种货物保险条款、附加保险条款
【全文】
第四章 协会特种商品保险条款
在某些情况下，这些条款已经与有关协会贸易协会达成协议。下述评论，仅限于与协会标准货物保险条款不同的条款。
（一）协会冷冻食品（冻肉除外）保险A条款( Institute Frozen Food Clause (A) (Excluding Frozen Meat) (1/8/82, reissued 1/1/86)
第1条 风险条款（risks clause）
1 this insurance covers, except as provided in Clauses 4,5,6 and 7 below,(除了下述第4，5，6和7条规定者外，本保险承保：)
1.1 all risks of loss of or damage to the subject-matter insured, other than loss or damage resulting from any variation in temperature howsoever caused.(除了任何原因引起的温度变化造成的损失或损害之外的保险标的损失或损害的任何风险)
1.2 loss of or damage to the subject-matter insured resulting from any variation in temperature attributable to(任何温度变化引起的保险标的的损失或损害，其可归因于)
1.2.1 breakdown of refrigerating machinery resulting in its stoppage for a period of not less than 24 consecutive hours(制冷机器故障造成停机连续24小时以上)
1.2.2 fire or explosion(火灾或爆炸)
1.2.3 vessel or craft being stranded grounded sunk or capsixed(船舶或驳船搁浅、擦浅、沉没或倾覆)
1.2.4 overturning or derailment of land conveyance(陆上运输工具翻倒或出轨)
1.2.5 collision or contact of vessel craft or conveyance with any external object other than water (船舶、驳船或运输工具与水以外的任何外部物体碰撞或触碰)
1.2.6 discharge of cargo at a port of distress(在避难港卸货)。
应当注意本风险条款比“一切险”的承保范围要窄，因为索赔由于温度变化引起的损失或损害，限于那些可归因于第1.2.1至1.2.6项规定的原因所致者。
造成温度变化的各项危险，最重要的乃是：
“1.2.1 制冷机器故障造成停机连续24小时以上”
先例业已判定“机器故障” 表述本身并不必然涉及机器完全停机。 因此，附加的“造成停机”一词，具有排除仅是由于制冷机器运转不正常致使温度变化引起索赔的效果。还应注意为了根据本条提出索赔，被保险人必须能够证明，推测起来通过自承运人处获取证据，制冷机器停机超过了连续24小时。
其他可能引起“温度变化”索赔的各项危险与协会货物保险条款（C）的规定相同。这与先前的冷冻食品保险条款的规定一致，但增加了陆上运输工具的翻倒或出轨。
第2条 共同海损条款
第3条 互有责任碰撞条款
这些条款与协会货物保险条款相同。
第4条 普通除外条款(General Exclusions Clause)
4 In no case shall this insurance cover(在任何情况下本保险均不承保)
4.1 Loss damage or expense attributable to wilful misconduct of the Assured(可归因于被保险人的故意赎职的损失、损害和费用)
4.2 Ordinary leakage, ordinary loss in weight or volume, or ordinary wear and tear of the subject-matter insured(保险标的通常渗漏、通常重量或体积损失、或通常磨损)
4.3 Loss damage or expense caused by insufficiency or unsuitability of packing or preparation of the subject-matter insured (for the purpose of this Clause4.3 “packing” shall be deemed to include stowage in a container or liftvan but only when such stowage is carried out prior to attachment of this insurance or by the Assured or their servants)(保险标的的包装或准备不足或不当引起的损失、损害或费用（为了本第4.3款的目的，“包装”应视为包括在集装箱或托盘内的积载，但仅限于当此种积载是在本保险责任开始之前进行或是由被保险人或其雇员进行之场合）)
4.4 Loss damage or expense caused by inherent vice or nature of the subject-matter insured (except loss damage or expense resulting from variation in temperature specifically covered under Clause 1.2 above)(保险标的的固有缺陷或性质引起的损失、损害或费用（但由于上述第1.2款特别承保的温度变化引起者除外）)
4.5 Loss damage or expense proximately caused by delay, even though the delay be caused by a risk insured against(except expenses payable under Clause 2 above)(近因是迟延造成的损失、损害或费用，即便该迟延是由于某种承保危险引起的（但根据上述第2条支付的费用除外）)
4.6 Loss damage or expense arising from insolvency or financial default of the owners managers charterers or operators of the vessel (因船舶所有人、经理人、承租人或经营人的破产或财务困境产生的损失、损害或费用)
4.7 Loss damage or expense arising from the use of any weapon of war employing atomic or nuclear fission and/or fusion or other like reaction or radioactive force or matter(因使用原子或核裂变和/或聚变或类似反应或放射性力量或物质所制造的任何战争武器产生的损失、损害或费用)
4.8 Loss damage or expense arising from any failure of the Assured or their servants to take all reasonable precautions to ensure that the subject-matter insured is kept in refrigerated or, where appropriate, properly insulated and cooled space(由于被保险人或其雇员没有采取合理的预防措施确保保险标的存放于冷冻，或在适当的情况下，适当隔离和冷藏的处所而引起的损失、损害或费用)
4.9 Any loss damage or expense otherwise recoverable hereunder unless prompt notice thereof is given to the Underwriters and, in any event, not later than 30 days after the termination of this insurance(根据本保险可获赔偿的其他任何损失、损害或费用，除非迅速地通知了保险人，在任何情况下，不得迟于本保险终止后30天。)
4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 和4.7 除外条款与协会货物保险条款（A）包含的相应除外条款一致。
4.4款除外，即固有缺陷除外，与通常的格式有所不同，括号内的插入句清楚地表明，如果由于温度变化引起的任何索赔是因为第1.2款特别列举的原因之一所致，保险人即不能依据固有缺陷或性质提出抗辩。
下述两项除外是冷冻食品保险条款特有的，即：
4.8款除外，免除保险人因被保险人或其雇员未能采取合理预防措施，确保货物存放于适当冷冻或冷藏及隔离处所而引起的任何责任。
4.9 款除外相当独特。它规定若在本保险终止后30天内未能迅速通知保险人，即不能依据保险单有效地索赔。虽然索赔“切断”此种条款，有时被认为是一项严厉的规定，它强调了在冷冻食品行业每位交易者均承认的合乎情理的见解，即谨慎的接受者(receiver)应在货物运抵其冷库后尽快确定货物处于适当状态。
第5条 不适航和适运除外条款
第6条 战争除外条款
第7条 罢工除外条款
这些条款与协会货物保险条款的相应条款一致。见第23至25页的评论。
第8条 运输条款( Transit Clause)
8.1 this insurance attaches from the time the goods are loaded into the conveyance at freezing works or cold store at the place named herein for the commencement of the transit, continues during the ordinary course of transit and terminates either(本保险责任始于货物在保险单载明地点的冷冻厂或冷库装上运输工具开始运送之时，在通常运送过程中持续，并终止于：)
8.1.1 on delivery to the cold store or place of storage at the destination named herein,(在保险单载明的目的地交付至冷库或贮存处所)
8.1.2 on delivery to any other cold store or place of storage, whether prior to or at the destination named herein, which the Assured elect to use either(在保险单载明的目的地或之前交付至其他冷库或贮存处所，由被保险人选用于：)
8.1.2.1 for storage other than in the ordinary course of transit or(非通常运输过程中的贮存或)
8.1.2.2 for allocation or distribution, or (分配或分派，或)
8.1.3 on the expiry of 5 days after discharge overside of the goods hereby insured from the oversea vessel at the final port of discharge(被保险货物在最后卸货港卸离海船后满5天)
whichever shall first occur(以上各项以先发生者为准。)
8.2 if, after discharge overside from the oversea vessel at the final port of discharge, but prior to termination of this insurance , the goods are to be forwarded to a destination other than that to which they are insured hereunder, this insurance, whilst remaining subject to termination as provided for above, shall not extend beyond the commencement of transit to such other destination.(如果在最后卸货港卸离海船后，但在本保险终止之前，货物被发送到非本保险承保的目的地，本保险在依照受前述规定的终止制约的同时，截止于开始向此种其他目的地运送之时。)
8.3 This insurance shall remain in force(subject to termination as provided for above and to the provisions of Clause 9 below)during delay beyond the control of the Assured, any deviation, forced discharge, reshipment or transhipment and during any variation of the adventure arising from the exercise of a liberty granted to shipowners or charterers under the contract of affreightment.(在超出被保险人所能控制的迟延，任何绕航、强制卸货、重装或转运期间，以及船东或承租人行使根据货运合同赋予的自由权产生的任何冒险变更期间，本保险继续有效。（但须受上述规定的终止和下述第9条规定的制约.）)
本条与协会货物保险条款的相应规定有几个方面的不同，亦即：
（a） 承保的运送始于货物装上运输工具开始运送之时（whatever it maybe, for the first leg of the journey）这个阶段早于协会货物保险条款中的规定，后者直至货物运离仓库或贮存处所之时保险责任方开始。因此，在货物已装上卡车但仍停留在仓库内发生承保危险造成的损失，依据协会冷冻食品保险条款属保险责任，反之根据协会货物保险条款则不在承保之列。
